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AQA A Level History: Germany > 4 Economic Developments > Flashcards

4 Economic Developments Flashcards

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1
Q

Define indemnity

A

Fine payable following wartime defeat

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2
Q

Define recession

A

Period of temporary economic decline with a fall in trade and industrial activity

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3
Q

What is provided easy credit for industrial growth in 1871?

A

The prompt payment of the French indemnity and the inflationary effect of current reform in 1871

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4
Q

What happened to the number of ironworks and machine-manufacturing companies in the years 1871 to 75 compare to the last 70 years

A

Both time periods produced the same number of companies

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5
Q

What was the annual rate of economic growth?

A

Until 1873, 5%

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6
Q

When was the Great Depression? What was it?

A

Between 1873 and 1896 there was a world trade recession

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7
Q

How did the great depression affects Germany?

A

The effects were not immediately apparent. Earlier investment in the railway buildings kept the Economy reasonably buoyant.

Falling demand from 1876 resulted in slower growth

Growth returned to it steady upward trajectory after 1894

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8
Q

What is the economy like in the final years of the 19th century?

A

Huge expansion of German industry, emerge stronger in 1895 then 1873

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9
Q

How much of the industry’s GNP represented agriculture vs industry up until the 1880s and by 1914?

A

1880s
Agricultural was 35 to 40%
Industry was 30 to 35%

By 1914
Agricultural was 25%
Industry was 45%

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10
Q

What was the annual growth rate of the industrial sector?

A

c4.5%

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11
Q

What happened to industrial production between 1890 and 1914?

A

Industrial production tripled

By 1914 Germany stood alongside Britain and the USA as one of the worlds leading industrial destinations

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12
Q

What was the output of coal and steel in 1871?

A

Coal was 29.4 million tons

Steel was 0.2 million tons

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13
Q

What was the output of coal and steel in 1890?

A

Coal was 109.3 million tons

Steel was 2.2 million tons

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14
Q

What was the output of coal and steel in 1913?

A

Coal was 191.5 million tons

Steel was 17.9 million tons

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15
Q

How many kilometres was the German railway line in 1871?

A

21,471 km

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16
Q

How many kilometres was the German railway line in 1890?

A

42,869 km

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17
Q

How many kilometres was the German railway line in 1913?

A

63,000 km

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18
Q

Name seven reasons for economic growth in Germany between 1871 and 1914

A
  1. Growth in population
  2. Availability of raw materials
  3. Geographical advantages
  4. Highly developed education system
  5. Banking system
  6. Development of businesses and organisations
  7. Supportive government
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19
Q

How did the growing population increase the growth rate of the economy?

A

Labourforce for the expanding economy was provided for both markets

Younger generations were more mobile and willing to adapt to the need for new skills

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20
Q

How did the availability of war materials increase the growth rate of the economy?

A

The Ruhr was abundant in coal and iron ore

Alsance-Lorraine was abundant in iron ore and potash, used in industrial processes

21
Q

How did the geographical advantages increase the growth rate of the economy?

A

Road flat plain which was used for railways.

Navigable rivers in the Rhine

22
Q

How did the highly developed education system increase the growth rate of the economy?

A

Higher education was made provisions for the development of technical skills necessary to industrial development

23
Q

How did the banking system increase the growth rate of the economy?

A

They invested heavily into industrial research, trade, economic development. Close bank business relationships formed

1872, 49 new banks in Prussia.

24
Q

How did the development in businesses and organisations increase the growth rate of the economy?

A

Because it was easier to establish joint-stock companies, cartels in Germany went from 8 by 1875, to 70 by 1887, to 300 by 1900, to 600 by 1911

The 5 biggest dyestuff companies were responsible for 90% of total output. Nearly every important industry had a cartel in it

Steel Union formed in 1904, made of 30 large steelworks, including Krupps by 1911

25
Q

How did the supportive government increase the growth rate of the economy?

A

Bismarck’s 1979 tariffs

Caprivi trade treaties and measures

26
Q

Define joint-stock companies

A

Companies that are owned jointly by the shareholders who invest capital in them

27
Q

Define cartels

A

Associations of producers in similar trades or processes

28
Q

What was Germany’s first industrial revolution based on? What is this collection commonly known as?

A

Old industries

Textiles, coal, iron, steel and railways

29
Q

What is the second stage of the industrial revolution?

A

c1890, New industries that use more advanced technology

Electrics, chemicals, machinery and the motorcar industry

30
Q

Germany is merchant marine compare to the USA and Britain

A

German merchant marine 3 times that of the USA, 1/4 of the size of British merchant Navy

31
Q

What happened to Germany is chemical industry?

A

By the early 20th century Germany was producing more than 3/4 of the worlds chemical dyes

32
Q

Sulfuric acid stats

A

In 1878 only 1 million tons of sulphuric acid were being produced in the whole world, by 1917 Germany was producing 1,402,000 tons

33
Q

Ammonia stats

A

Ammonia production rose from 84,000 tonnes to 287,000 tonnes between 1897 and 1907

34
Q

Electrical industry facts

A

The electrical industry grew most quickly in the Rhine area

Siemens lead the way for production of things like Dynamos

The production of electrical energy increased by 150% between 1901 and 1915

By 1913 Germany controlled half the worlds trade in electrics

35
Q

Machinery industry facts

A

1889, Loewe rebuilt his Berlin factory using American idea of mass production.

Advances in the motor industry were being made by Diesel, Benz and Mercedes

36
Q

What was Kaiser Willhelm II’s involvement in industrial development?

A

Industrial development from 1890 was driven by the Kaiser and his desire for the prestige and glory of Weltpolitik, included developing Germany’s military resources

37
Q

Agriculture stats

A

35% of the population was still employed in the agriculture sector in 1907

By the early 20th century Germany was producing 40 million tons of potatoes per year

38
Q

Disadvantages of agriculture succeeding

A

Had to be heavily protected by tariffs, grew substantially from the beginning of 1879, lowered by Caprivi in 1890s, rose on the below in 1902

39
Q

What 3 challenge did the farmers face?

A
  1. ‘Synthetic’ foods, like margarine
  2. New processes, like beer making less dependent on hops
  3. Refrigeration
40
Q

What are five reasons evidence for decline in agriculture?

A
  1. Agricultural prices fell over all, despite Protection
  2. Series of bad harvests in the late 1870s, lead to cheap grain imported from USA
  3. Increasing number of Landowners ran into financial difficulties, forced to sell or mortgage
  4. Agriculture abandoned for industrial towns
  5. GNP for agriculture fell
41
Q

What are five reasons evidence against decline in agriculture?

A
  1. Tariffs after 1879 created and further opportunities to grow in domestic market
  2. Forming machinery and chemical fertilisers became cheaper
  3. More than 4 million acres of land were bought under cultivation between 1880 and 1900
  4. Cultivators of rootcrops did well
  5. Cultivation of land became more organised, employed large numbers of cheap seasonal workers
42
Q

Trade and Wealth facts

A

By 1913, Germany was one of the major trading and exporting nations of the world

Volume of exports and imports had grown fourfold between 1880 and 1913

1890, £200 million worth of imports and £153 million worth of exports
1913, £526 million worth of imports and £495 million worth of exports

43
Q

Where did German export go?

A

60% of exports went to Britain, France and Russia.

The remainder went to Latin America, South Africa and the Ottoman empire.

44
Q

Free Trade v protection 1871-1890

A

Bismarck supported free trade in 1870s

Slow growth, drinking agricultural protection demand and manufacturing demand resulted in tariffs be introduced. Also in response to ‘alliance of steel and rye’.

45
Q

Free Trade v protection Caprivi

A

Despite Conservative And agrarian league opposition, or previously agreed to lower agricultural tires in return for a reduction on Russian, Austrian and Romanian tariffs on imported industrial goods.

After Caprivi’s dismissal high tariffs were imposed again

46
Q

When was the agrarian league set up?

A

1893

47
Q

When was the industrialists league established

A

1895

48
Q

When was the Imperial league established?

A

1904

AQA A Level History: Germany (31 decks)

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