4. blood cells plasma and serum

Question 1

Reference range for erythrocytes?

Answer 1

4-6 x 10^12 cells/L

Question 2

Reference range for leukocytes?

Answer 2

4-11 x 10^9 cells/L

Question 3

Reference range for thrombocytes?

Answer 3

1-4 x 10^11

Question 4

What does too many erythrocytes cause?

Answer 4

polycythaemia - raised blood viscosity and strain on heart

Question 5

what is immunoCYTOchemistry?

Answer 5

using antibodies linked to fluorescent chromophores

Question 6

what is immunoHISTOchemstry?

Answer 6

using antibodies linked to enzymes to convert substrates and produce a coloured product

Question 7

what is the concentration of albumin in the blood?

Answer 7

35-50 g/L

Question 8

what is the concentration of alpha globulins in the blood?

Answer 8

5-15 g/L

Question 9

concentration of beta globulins in the blood

Answer 9

5-12 g/L

Question 10

gamma globulins (e.g. immunoglobulins) concentration in the blood?

Answer 10

6-17 g/L

Question 11

what do complement proteins do? 4

Answer 11

opsonisation
chemotaxis (attracting macrophages and neutrophils
lysis
clumping

Question 12

what does alpha-antitrypsin do?

Answer 12

inhibits trypsin

Question 13

What does integrin α2β1 bind to in clotting?

Answer 13

collagen

Question 14

What does integrin α2bβ3 bind to in clotting?

Answer 14

ECM proteins fibronectin and vitronectin

Question 15

Why is von Willebrand factor important?

Answer 15

binds to collagen and platelets, fixes platelets to the site of endothelial injury

Question 16

What does thromboxane A2 do?

Answer 16

activates platelets and acts as a vasoconstrictor, reducing blood flow to reduce blood loss

Question 17

Which pathway is tissue factor/thromboplastin involved in?

Answer 17

extrinsic pathway - requires a factor from outside the circulation

Question 18

Which 3 mechanisms prevent excessive clotting?

Answer 18

1. thrombomodulin- binds thrombin & this complex activates protein C which inactivates factors Va and VIIa
2. antithrombin - inactivates thrombin
3. protease ADAMTS13 degrades vWF.

Question 19

Which protease can digest fibrin and what is its inactive precursor?

Answer 19

plasmin, plasminogen