4 - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Components of blood

A
  • Cellular components (Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platlets)
  • Extracellular matrix (plasma)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Blood plasma

A
  • Liquid portion of blood
  • Mainly H2O
  • Contains proteins
  • Contains variety of other molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

% of components in blood

A
  • Plasma (55%)
  • Erythrocytes (45%)
  • Leukocytes and platelets (<1%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Proteins contained in plasma

A
  • Albumin produced by liver (most abundant); transport of solutes, pH buffering
  • Antibodies formed by some white blood cells; immune system functions
  • Fibrinogen produced by liver; Required for formation of blood clots
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Other molecules contained in plasma

A
  • Nitrogenous compounds
  • Nutrients
  • O2
  • CO2
  • N
  • Electrolytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Serum

A

Identical to plasma except for absence of fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells (RBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells (WBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 subcategories of Leukocytes

A
  • Granulocytes (contain granules)
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Small (T cells, B cells) and Large (Natural killer cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets. Cell fragments from megakaryocytes in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Haemopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells. Dynamic process (continuous turnover, responsive to stimuli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In the embryo what does the yolk sac produce

A

stem cells that colonise
foetal liver, bone marrow, spleen, and thymus and multiply to give rise to blood cells during

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which cell differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells

A

Monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which cell differentiates into basophils, nuetrophils, eosinophil and monocytes

A

Myeloblast

17
Q

RBC two main functions

A
  • Transfer of O2 from lungs to tissue
  • Transfer of CO2 from tissue to lungs
18
Q

4 covalently linked subunits of haemoglobin

A
  • 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
  • Each contain heme which binds oxygen
19
Q

Anaemia

A

A reduction in the oxygen-transporting capacity of
blood, resulting from a decrease in the red cell mass to subnormal level

20
Q

Causes of anaemia

A
  • Increased red cell destruction (haemolysis)
  • Decreased red cell production
  • Blood loss (haemorrhage)
21
Q

Clinical manifestations of anaemia

A
  • Acute: shortness of breath, organ failure, shock
  • Chronic: pallor, fatigue, lassitude
22
Q

WBC Function

A
  • Recognise and respond to “foreign”
  • Mediate inflammatory & immune responses
  • Individuals born with deficiencies in certain WBC have increased risk of infection and death
23
Q

how are platelets made

A
  • Megakaryocytes live in bone marrow next to capillaries
  • Long tendrils of cytoplasm protrude into the capillaries
  • Force of the blood flow splits off fragments called platelets
24
Q

How long to platelets circulate freely for

25
How do platelets work
- Platelets release serotonin (constricts blood vessel) to prevent blood loss - Platelets stick to exposed collagen fibres on the broken blood vessel wall and temporarily seal the break - Platelets become enmeshed in fibrin (a sticky protein), forming a strong, long-lasting clot that allows for healing
26
Types of bleeding disorders
- Primary (born with): Haemophilia, Platelet dysfunction. - Secondary (acquired): Anticoagulants, Vit K deficiency, Hepatic and renal failure
27
Haemophilia A
Inherited X-linked deficiency of factor VIII
28
Presentation of haemophilia A
- Spontaneous bleed or excessive bleed after trauma - Haemarthrosis (bleed into joint) or soft tissue
29
Diagnosis of haemophilia A
- Family History (Males affected, female carriers) - Factor VIII level <10% (Normal 80-120%)
30
Treatment of haemophilia A
Treat bleeds with Factor VIII replacement
31
Thrombocytopenia
Too little platelets
32
Thrombocytosis
Too many platelets
33
Primary Thrombocytosis
Essential Thrombocythaemia
34
Secondary Thrombocytosis
Reactive, medications, stress
35
Von Willebrand disease
- Type 1: quantitative deficiency (20-50% of normal) - Type 2: Qualitative deficiency - Type 3: Quantitative deficiency (severe)
36
Increased destruction of RBC
autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
37
Decreased production of RBC
iron deficiency anaemia
38
anaemia due to blood loss
haemorrhage