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PATH2220 > 4 - Blood > Flashcards

4 - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Components of blood

A
  • Cellular components (Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platlets)
  • Extracellular matrix (plasma)
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2
Q

Blood plasma

A
  • Liquid portion of blood
  • Mainly H2O
  • Contains proteins
  • Contains variety of other molecules
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3
Q

% of components in blood

A
  • Plasma (55%)
  • Erythrocytes (45%)
  • Leukocytes and platelets (<1%)
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4
Q

Proteins contained in plasma

A
  • Albumin produced by liver (most abundant); transport of solutes, pH buffering
  • Antibodies formed by some white blood cells; immune system functions
  • Fibrinogen produced by liver; Required for formation of blood clots
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5
Q

Other molecules contained in plasma

A
  • Nitrogenous compounds
  • Nutrients
  • O2
  • CO2
  • N
  • Electrolytes
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6
Q

Serum

A

Identical to plasma except for absence of fibrinogen

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7
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells (RBC)

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8
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells (WBCs)

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9
Q

3 subcategories of Leukocytes

A
  • Granulocytes (contain granules)
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
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10
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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11
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Small (T cells, B cells) and Large (Natural killer cells)

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12
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets. Cell fragments from megakaryocytes in bone marrow

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13
Q

Haemopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells. Dynamic process (continuous turnover, responsive to stimuli)

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14
Q

In the embryo what does the yolk sac produce

A

stem cells that colonise
foetal liver, bone marrow, spleen, and thymus and multiply to give rise to blood cells during

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15
Q

Which cell differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells

A

Monocytes

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16
Q

Which cell differentiates into basophils, nuetrophils, eosinophil and monocytes

A

Myeloblast

17
Q

RBC two main functions

A
  • Transfer of O2 from lungs to tissue
  • Transfer of CO2 from tissue to lungs
18
Q

4 covalently linked subunits of haemoglobin

A
  • 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
  • Each contain heme which binds oxygen
19
Q

Anaemia

A

A reduction in the oxygen-transporting capacity of
blood, resulting from a decrease in the red cell mass to subnormal level

20
Q

Causes of anaemia

A
  • Increased red cell destruction (haemolysis)
  • Decreased red cell production
  • Blood loss (haemorrhage)
21
Q

Clinical manifestations of anaemia

A
  • Acute: shortness of breath, organ failure, shock
  • Chronic: pallor, fatigue, lassitude
22
Q

WBC Function

A
  • Recognise and respond to “foreign”
  • Mediate inflammatory & immune responses
  • Individuals born with deficiencies in certain WBC have increased risk of infection and death
23
Q

how are platelets made

A
  • Megakaryocytes live in bone marrow next to capillaries
  • Long tendrils of cytoplasm protrude into the capillaries
  • Force of the blood flow splits off fragments called platelets
24
Q

How long to platelets circulate freely for

A

5-6 days

25
Q

How do platelets work

A
  • Platelets release serotonin (constricts blood vessel) to prevent blood loss
  • Platelets stick to exposed collagen fibres on the broken blood vessel wall and temporarily seal the break
  • Platelets become enmeshed in fibrin (a sticky protein), forming a strong, long-lasting clot that allows for healing
26
Q

Types of bleeding disorders

A
  • Primary (born with): Haemophilia, Platelet dysfunction.
  • Secondary (acquired): Anticoagulants, Vit K deficiency, Hepatic and renal failure
27
Q

Haemophilia A

A

Inherited X-linked deficiency of factor VIII

28
Q

Presentation of haemophilia A

A
  • Spontaneous bleed or excessive bleed after trauma
  • Haemarthrosis (bleed into joint) or soft tissue
29
Q

Diagnosis of haemophilia A

A
  • Family History (Males affected, female carriers)
  • Factor VIII level <10% (Normal 80-120%)
30
Q

Treatment of haemophilia A

A

Treat bleeds with Factor VIII replacement

31
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Too little platelets

32
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

Too many platelets

33
Q

Primary Thrombocytosis

A

Essential Thrombocythaemia

34
Q

Secondary Thrombocytosis

A

Reactive, medications, stress

35
Q

Von Willebrand disease

A
  • Type 1: quantitative deficiency (20-50% of normal)
  • Type 2: Qualitative deficiency
  • Type 3: Quantitative deficiency (severe)
36
Q

Increased destruction of RBC

A

autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

37
Q

Decreased production of RBC

A

iron deficiency anaemia

38
Q

anaemia due to blood loss

A

haemorrhage

PATH2220 (33 decks)

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