30 - Diabetes Flashcards
1
Q
Diabetes mellitus
A
- Group of chronic conditions characterised by increased circulating blood glucose levels due to reduced or ineffective use of insulin
- Causing damage to tissues over time
- Type 1 and type 2
2
Q
Action of insulin
A
- Glucose is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle (glycogenesis)
3
Q
Action of glucagon
A
- Liver glycogen is degraded between meals to maintain blood glucose levels
- Breakdown of glycogen to glucose is called
glycogenolysis
4
Q
Response to increase in blood glucose
A
- Stimulates pancreas to secrete insulin
- Increase uptake of glucose by cells
- Decrease blood glucose
5
Q
Response to decrease in blood glucose
A
- Stimulates pancreas to secrete glucagon
- Breakdown of glycogen in the liver
- Release of glucose into blood increases blood glucose
6
Q
Type 1
A
- Insulin deficiency
- Earlier onset
- Associated with autoantibodies
- Symptomatic on presentation
- Genetic susceptibility
- Destruction of beta cells
7
Q
Type 2
A
- Insulin resistant
- Later onset
- Linked to obesity
- Associated with family history
- Progresses
- Often asymptomatic
8
Q
Non autoimmune diabetes due to pancreas destruction
A
- Trauma
- Tumour
- Surgery
- CF
- Pancreatitis
9
Q
Type 1 pathophysiology
A
- Genetic susceptibility
- HLA genes
- Autoimmune Regulators
10
Q
Type 2 pathophysiology
A
- Dual mechanism
- Insulin resistance (higher levels measured insulin needed to maintain normoglycaemia)
- Insulin deficiency
11
Q
Type 2 risk factors
A
- Family history
- Age
- Excess weight
- Aboriginally
12
Q
HbA1c (Glycated Haemoglobin)
A
- Level is proportional to average blood glucose
concentration over the previous 4 wks to 3 months - No requirement for pretest fasting
- Diabetic if levels more than 6.5%
13
Q
Diabetes symptoms
A
- Blurred vision
- Lethargy
- Weight loss
- Vomiting
- Polyuria
14
Q
Acute complications
A
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis (Build up of acid in blood)
- Hyperglycaemia
- Hypoglycaemia
15
Q
Long term complications
A
- Retinopathy
- Renal failure
- Neuropathy
- ED
