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PATH2220 > 13 - Intro to Neoplasia > Flashcards

13 - Intro to Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasm

A

A disorder of cell growth that is triggered by a series of acquired mutations affecting a single cell and its clonal progeny.

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2
Q

Oncology

A

Study of neoplasms

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3
Q

Two components of all tumours

A

Parenchyma cells and Stroma cells

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4
Q

Parenchyma cells

A
  • The neoplastic cells that make up the tumour itself
  • Classification based on this component
  • Determines biological behaviour
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5
Q

Stroma cells

A
  • Connective tissue, vessels, inflammatory cells
  • Influences the growth and spread
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6
Q

Desmoplastic

A

Abundant collagenous stroma

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7
Q

Benign tumours

A
  • Will remain localised
  • May be surgically removed
  • Most patients survive
  • Can cause morbidity and even death in some circumstances
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8
Q

Nomenclature of mesenchymal neoplasms

A

Attach suffix ‘-oma’ to cell type of origin (e.g fibroma, chondroma)

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9
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign epithelial neoplasm derived from glands

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10
Q

Papilloma

A

Benign epithelial neoplasm comprised of finger-like projections

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11
Q

Cystadenoma

A

Lesions that form cystic masses

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12
Q

Polyp

A

macroscopically visible projection above a mucosal surface

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13
Q

Malignant tumours

A
  • Can invade and destroy adjacent structures, as well as spread to distant sites (metastasis).
  • May lead to death
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14
Q

Carcinomas

A

Malignant tumours arising from epithelial cells

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15
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumour arising from glandular tissue

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16
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Malignant tumour arising from squamous epithelium

17
Q

Sarcomas

A

Malignant tumours arising from mesenchymal cells

18
Q

Leukaemia or lymphomas

A

Malignant tumours arising from blood forming cells

19
Q

Teratoma

A
  • Contain mature cells from more than one germ layer
  • Derives from totipotent germ cells in the gonads, or
    occasionally from embryonic rests in midline structures
20
Q

Macroscopic features of benign tumours

A
  • Well circumscribed
  • Even cut surface
  • No necrosis or haemorrhage
  • May compress surrounding
    structures, but no infiltration
  • May have a capsule
21
Q

Microscopic features of benign tumours

A
  • Well organised
  • Similar appearance to normal tissue
  • No cytological features of malignancy
22
Q

Macroscopic features of malignant tumours

A
  • Irregular, infiltrative outline
  • Necrosis and haemorrhage
  • May invade adjacent structures
23
Q

Microscopic features of malignant tumours

A
  • Disorganised architecture
  • Nuclear pleomorphism (variation in size and shape)
  • Increased nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
  • Hyperchromasia (darkly staining)
  • Mitosis
  • Disorder, loss of polarity
24
Q

Dysplasia

A
  • Disordered growth
  • Typically encountered in epithelia
  • Loss of differentiation
  • Nuclear enlargement, hyperchromasia, pleomorphism
25
Q

Carcinoma in citu

A
  • When the dysplastic changes are marked and involve the full thickness of the epithelium (without penetration of the basement membrane).
  • Considered to be a pre invasive neoplasm
26
Q

Invasive

A

Once the tumour cells breach the basement membrane

27
Q

Local invasion

A
  • Growth of malignant tumours is accompanied by
    progressive infiltration, invasion and destruction of the surrounding tissue
  • They do not recognise anatomical boundaries, and may penetrate the wall of
    a visceral organ, or fungate through the surface of the skin
28
Q

Lymphatic spread

A
  • Most common pathway for the initial metastasis
  • Sentinel lymph node analysis can be used to determine whether there is any lymphatic spread
29
Q

Sentinel lymph node

A

First node in a regional lymphatic basin that receives lymph flow from the primary tumour

30
Q

Haematogenous

A
  • Spread of tumours via blood vessels
  • Liver and lungs are frequent sites for these deposits
31
Q

Seeding of body cavities and surfaces

A
  • Peritoneal
  • Pleural
  • Pericardial
  • Subarachnoid
32
Q

Cancer grading

A

Describes the extent to which tumour cells resemble (or fail to resemble) their normal counterparts. Done under microscope by pathologist

33
Q

Cancer staging

A

Assessment of clinical gravity of disease. TNM staging

34
Q

TNM staging

A
  • T: Tumour size and extent of spread
  • N: Nodal status (number, groups, size)
  • M: Metastasis
35
Q

Aetiology of neoplasms

A
  • Genetic
  • Chemical
  • Hormonal
  • Irradiation
  • Ultraviolet light
  • Microbial organisms
  • Chronic diseases and ulcers
  • Immune system disorders
36
Q

How can geographical patterns effect neoplasias

A

Related to carcinogens (chemicals, viruses, alcohol, smoking, radiation, asbestos)

PATH2220 (33 decks)

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