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Psych 2GG3 > 4-Behavioural Approaches > Flashcards

4-Behavioural Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Law of Effect

who coined the term + description

A

Edward Thorndike
Tendency to repeat behaviours that were successful in the past

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2
Q

Contiguity

definition

A

when learning occurs because two events/stimuli are experienced close together in time or space

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3
Q

reinforcement

definition

A

strengthening or reducing a behaviour by providing a positive or negative outcome

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4
Q

Law of Readiness

who coined the term + description

A

Edward Thorndike
An organisms motivation to perform a behaviour affects the likelihood of learning

??

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5
Q

Thorndike’s subsidiary laws

list

A
  1. Law of multiple responses
  2. Law of set or attitude
  3. Law of prepotency of elements
  4. Law of reponse by analogy
  5. Associative shifting
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6
Q

Law of multiple responses

A

In a new situation, an organism may try multiple responses until it can find responses that are consequential
(eg: a cat may sniff, lick or claw at a button before pressing it)

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7
Q

Law of set or attitude

A

previous experiences can effect how we percieve new stimuli
(eg: we may percieve a red button as ‘bad’ and a green button as ‘good’ because of prior experience)

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8
Q

Law of prepotency of elements

A

capacity to selectively focus on significant details in an environment and ignore others

(eg: focus on a button in a room, not every inch of the floor)

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9
Q

Law of reponse by analogy

A

approaching new situations using similar experiences from the past
(eg: knowing that buttons with arrows typically control movement for something)

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10
Q

Associative shifting

A

gradually shifting the response from one stimulus to another through a series of intermediate steps

???

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11
Q

Operant conditioning

founder + description + 3 key terms

A

B. F. Skinner
learning process where voluntary behaviours are modified using rewards and/or punishments

  • respondents: involuntary responses elicited by stimulus
    eg: a dog will naturally want to sniff things in it’s environment
  • operants: voluntary responses intended to lead to a consequence
    eg: a dog may knock over a cup because it smells a treat underneath
  • reinforcer: stimulus which increases chance of a behaviour
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12
Q

Reinforcement schedules

description + list types

A

rules or guidelines dictating how reinforcements will be delivered, their duration (lag between reinforcers) and ratio (responses:reinforcer)

Schedule types:
- continuous
- fixed ratio
- variable ratio
- fixed interval
- variable interval

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13
Q

Continuous Schedule of Reinforcement

description + example + results

A

ratio: 1:1 reward for every desired behaviour
duration: immediate

eg: dog is given a treat every time it sits

responses:reinforcer (1 sit : 1 treat)

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14
Q

Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement

description + example + results

A

ratio: x:1 reward for every x behaviours
duration: N/A

eg: child is given a toy for every 10 chores they complete

graph: post reinforcement pause pattern

responses:reinforcer (10 chores : 1 toy)

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15
Q

Variable Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement

description + example + results

A

ratio: ?:1 reward has a probability of occurring with every behaviour
duration: N/A

eg: spin the wheel game has a 10% chance of a winning spin

graph: high and steady response pattern

responses:reinforcer (1 wheel spin : 10% chance for reward)

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16
Q

Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement

description + example + results

A

ratio: N/A
duration: after x time

eg: employee is paid once per week if they show up for work

graph: scalloped response pattern

reward is independent quality or quantity of work

17
Q

Variable Interval Schedule of Reinforcement

description + example + results

A

ratio: N/A
duration: after ? time

eg: elevator will show up after pressing the button, waiting time will vary

graph: steady response pattern

18
Q

Premack Principle

description + example

A

Placing reinforcing tasks (preferred activity) after less preferred activities (desired behaviour) to increase the likelihood that the less preferred activity is repeated

eg: watching a show after studying to reinforce and increase motivation for the studying behaviour

19
Q

what does PSMU stand for and mean?

A

Problematic Social Media Use
uncontrollable urge to engage with social media for excessive periods of time

20
Q

what are the components that can signal PSMU?

A
  1. Salience: social networking is the single most important aspect of their life
  2. Mood Modification: SM use elicits a buzz or high for the purpose of escape or numbing
  3. Tolerance: time spent on SM gradually increases
  4. Withdrawal Symptoms: unpleasant affective state or physical symptoms when SM cannot be used
  5. Conflict: SM conflicts with important life activities
  6. Relapse: tendency to revert to excessive SM use after periods of control
21
Q

Concurrent schedule

for reinforcement, description + example

A

2 or more schedules of reinforcement are offered and associated with different behaviours

eg: restaurant offers 2 reward plans –> 1: free meal after 5 visits (fixed ratio) 2: redeem a free meal once a month (fixed interval)

22
Q

Magazine Training

description

A

behavioural training technique where a magazine (food delivery system) is used in an operant conditioning chamber (Skinner box)

23
Q

Extinction rate

description + rank extinction rates in various schedules

A

the amount of time it takes for an organism to stop responding after reinforcement is removed

most rapid extinction
1. continuous schedule
2. fixed schedule
3. variable schedule

most resistance to extinction

24
Q

Skinner’s rules for behaviourism

list 3

A
  1. Rely exclusively on observable phenomena
  2. Psychology is an objective science
  3. Analyze behaviour without speculation of psychological events/subjective mental events
25
Q

Rat OCD study

basic steps leading up to data collection

A
  1. classical conditioning: train rat to get food from machine, preceeded by a light and tone
  2. operant conditioning: train rat to press a lever for the food, lever also triggers light and tone
  3. extinction: light and tone shown without lever or food reward
  4. OCD symptoms: lever reintroduced, lever pressing measured (collect whether or not rat checked for food after pressing)
26
Q

Rat OCD study

results

A

high dose of drug associated with less lever pressing (both pressing followed by checking for food and pressing without checking)

see graph in notes

27
Q

Increased activation in which area of the brain is linked to OCD symptom provocation?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex and striatum, including the caudate

Psych 2GG3 (6 decks)

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