2-Learning Theories

Question 1

Socrates

main bullet points and/or theories

Answer 1

• Socrating method of teaching and learning
• Socratic thinking/dialectic approach

Question 2

Socratic thinking/dialectic approach

Answer 2

• teacher and students ask open ended questions
• conversation style of learning
• student and teacher can arrive at different conclusions

Question 3

Plato

main bullet points and/or theories

Answer 3

• founded the Academy (free place to study)
• Rationalism

studied under Socrates

Question 4

Rationalism

Answer 4

belief in the existence of innate or inborn knowledge

Question 5

Aristotle

main bullet points and/or theories

Answer 5

• Empiricism

Question 6

Empiricism

Answer 6

knowledge and expertise result from our experiences in the real world

Question 7

Roman catholic church

main bullet points and/or theories

Answer 7

• rote memorization
• appretice teacher model of learning

Question 8

Rote memorization

Answer 8

verbatim recollection of scripture

Question 9

Apprentice-teacher model

Answer 9

teacher is meant to instruct student to aquire skills through experience

Question 10

Rennaisance period

main bullet points and/or theories

Answer 10

• focus on combining discrete disciplines

eg: anatomy and art into anatomical drawings

Question 11

Martin Luther

main bullet points and/or theories

Answer 11

• advocate for accessible education
• helped form modern public education

Question 12

René Descartes

main bullet points and/or theories

Answer 12

• believed in innate thinking strategies: pure thinking is a source of knowledge
• rationalist like Plato

Question 13

John Locke

main bullet points and/or theories

Answer 13

• believed a child’s mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) shaped by sensory experiences
• empiricist like Aristotle

Question 14

Jean-Jaques Rousseau

main bullet points and/or theories

Answer 14

• proposed educational reform: remove rigid structure and align teaching strategies with child development
• 5 Stages of Child Development

Question 15

Rousseau’s 5 stages of child development

basic stage names + 2 word description

Answer 15

1. Early Childhood: physical development
2. Boyhood: sensory development
3. Preadolescence: develop reasoning
4. Adolescence: develop sentiment
5. Adulthood: self-governing human

Question 16

Rousseau’s 1st stage of development

name + age range + detailed description

Answer 16

Early Childhood: 0 - 6

Physical development
- fed by mother
- loose clothing and large crib
- no beating or shouting
- respect child’s autonomy

Question 17

Rousseau’s 2nd stage of development

name + age range + detailed description

Answer 17

Boyhood: 7 - 9

Sensory development
- play games
- natural experiments outside
- natural consequences

Question 18

Rousseau’s 3rd stage of development

name + age range + detailed description

Answer 18

Preadolescence: 10 - 12

Develop reasoning
- self-directed learning
- teach carpentry

Question 19

Rousseau’s 4th stage of development

name + age range + detailed description

Answer 19

Adolescence: 13 - 19

Develop sentiment
- learn compassion, love…
- perfect reason through sentiment
- begin formal education
- teach religion if desired

Question 20

Rousseau’s 5th stage of development

name + age range + detailed description

Answer 20

Adulthood: 20 +

Self-governing human
- unless you’re a woman… wow
- don’t pursue wealth and temptations
- go to the city to appreciate the finer things
- get a partner

Question 21

Immanuel Kant

main bullet points and/or theories

Answer 21

• Combining rationalism and empiricism
• our understanding of the world goes beyond our perceptions

Question 22

Edward Lee Thorndike

main bullet points and/or theories

Answer 22

• applied scientific approach to the study of learning
• analyzed the time it took for cats to complete a task with respect to the number of trials

Question 23

B. F. Skinner

main bullet points and/or theories

Answer 23

• studied factors which affect the rate of learning
• Operant Conditioning Chamber/Skinner Box

Question 24

Jean Piaget

main bullet points and/or theories

Answer 24

• analyzed problem solving with age –> cognitive development

Question 25

Lev Vygotsky | main bullet points and/or theories

Answer 25

- *socio-cultural theory of learning* - led to the development of *collaborative learning* - *Zone of Proximal Development*

Question 26

Zone of proximal development | zone names surrounding it + description + result of being in this zone

Answer 26

1. Easy zone: tasks within learners *current ability*, *no assistance* needed --> boredom and lack of motivation 2. **Zone of PD:** tasks *just outside* current ability, can be completed *with assistance* --> **best to aquire new knowledge** 3. Too-hard-zone: tasks *far beyond* current ability, *can't be completed* even with assistance --> frustration and disengagement

Question 27

Socio-cultural theory of learning

Answer 27

psychological well being and learning capacity is *influenced by social interactions* our *cognitive development* is influenced by *society and culture*

Question 28

collaborative learning

Answer 28

learning through *older student mentors* instead of only a teacher

Question 29

John Dewey | main bullet points and/or theories

Answer 29

- *Learning by doing* motto + 4 principles of education - *Progressive education* - *Responsive classroom approach*

Question 30

John Dewey's 4 principles of education

Answer 30

1. **Experience:** experiments, activities... 2. **Discuss:** their learning 3. **Interactive:** their actions influence the world/classroom 4. **Interdisciplinary:** subjects are connected through projects and teaching

Question 31

Progressive education

Answer 31

- *engaging* learning activities - *developmentally matched* lessons - lessons are *socially relevant*

Question 32

Responsive classroom approach

Answer 32

*learner centered* teaching focused on fostering a *community of learners* uses*experiential learning*

Question 33

Maria Montessori | main bullet points and/or theories

Answer 33

- *Montessori approach* to learning

Question 34

Montessori approach to learning

Answer 34

- learning led by *exploration, independence and interest* - teachers *observe, support and facilitate* learning