4 Adaptive Immune Diseases Flashcards
What two things cause autoimmune disorders?
genetics and the environment (or both)
What rate of people with predisposing genes develop an autoimmune disorder?
about 20% have genetic issues that then become ‘activated’ by an environmental source
Infectious and non-infectious causes for autoimmune diseases account for what percentage of all AI disorders?
80%
What influences autoimmune disorder development?
HLA subtypes (part of TCR development on T-cells)
What cells are closely tied to AI disorders?
CD4 T cells
Which class of alleles are most frequently implicated in AI disorders?
Class II alleles, which means that CD4 T cells will also play a role in the disorder
What primarily mediates Type II autoimmune diseases?
IgG or IgM
think back to Type II hypersensitivity
Because IgG and IgM are mediators in Type II AI diseases, what are they targeting?
Cell surface proteins/antigens
Antigens can either be _________ (stimulatory) or _________ (inhibitory)
agonist, antagonist
What are some examples of Type II AI disorders
Type2 diabetes, Grave’s disease, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia purpura, Hypoglycemia, Myasthenia Gravis
Streptococcus pyogenes uses what to cause rheumatic fever?
mimicry: it shares the same surface epitopes as human cell epitopes
What isn’t recruited to the site of infection during rheumatic fever?
T cells, making the infection transient
What receptor is targeted against in Grave’s disease?
The thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSH receptor)
If antibody response doesn’t cause autoimmune damage in grave’s disease, what does?
The TSH receptor is targeted by antibodies, which then stimulates the thyroid to increase metabolism (hyperthyroidism)
What cell mediates Grave’s disease?
CD4 Th2 cells which cause excessive production and release of T3 and T4 thyroid hormone
Someone with Grave’s disease will present with what signs/symptoms?
weight loss, heat intolerance, anxiety, irritability, exophthalmos
What happens to the thyroid in grave’s disease?
The thyroid is destroyed by the body because it produces too much thyroid hormone
How is Hashimoto’s disease different from Grave’s disease?
Hashimoto’s involves the destruction of normal thyroid tissue, whereas Grave’s disease involves the destruction of overstimulated thyroid
Hypothyroidism occurs in what Type II AI disorder?
Hashimoto’s disease
What cell mediates Hashimoto’s disease?
CD4 Th1 cells
Because the thyroid is being attacked by the body, what distinct thing forms in the thyroid that can be used for diagnosis?
Ectopic lymphoid tissue
What causes the enlarged thyroid in Hashimoto’s disease?
Ectopic lymphoid tissue
What is Sjogren’s syndrome?
A progressive destruction of exocrine glands leading to low salivary levels
Who is more likely to get Sjogren’s syndrome?
Women are 9x more likely to get it
What three signs/symptoms should you expect to find in a Sjogren’s patient?
Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis
What form in the ducts of salivary glands in Sjogren’s syndrome?
Periductal aggregates of antibodies and antigen
What kind of hypersensitivity reaction is Sjogren’s Syndrome?
Type II hypersensitivity
What mediates or causes Type III AI disorders?
IgG that binds to antigens in the blood or tissue, and then form an aggregate
What causes Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?
Self-antigen targeting and deposition of aggregates in the blood vessels
