3rd set of slides 3/23 Flashcards

1
Q

increase reproduction may decrease

A

survival

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2
Q

life history traits

A

-age at first reproduction
-# offspring produced each time
- number of reproductive cycles per lifetime

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3
Q

life history traits are

A

all the traits that are going to affect an organism schedule of reproduction and survival

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4
Q

why are life history traits important to understand for evolution

A

this is an important evolutionary concept because these evolutionary outcomes reflected on development,physiology and behaviors of an organism

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5
Q

how does limited resources relate to trade offs

A

limited resources are going to lead to tradeoffs between reproduction and survivalor between the number and size of offsprings vs. the survival of the offspring or of the parents

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6
Q

tradoffs

A

Number and size of offspring vs. survival of offspring or parent

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7
Q

parental survvial ex

A

the cost of larger set of baby birds to both male and female parents

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8
Q

K-selected (density-dependent) reproductive strategies life history traits

A

late reproduction
few offspring
invest a lot in raising offspring
primates

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9
Q

k selected means

A

K-selected species are controlled more by carrying capacity

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10
Q

r-selected (density-independent) life history traits

A

early reproduction
many offspring
little parental care

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11
Q

r-selected means

A

R-selected species are influenced heavily by the maximum population growth rate, and exhibit large increases followed by large decreases in population numbers.

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12
Q

limiting factors can be

A

density dependent or independent

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13
Q

density dependent limiting facotrs are

A

-competition: food, mates, nesting sites
-predators, parasites, pathogens

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14
Q

density independent limiting factors are

A

abiotic factors
sunlight (energy)
temperature
rainfall

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15
Q

density dependent limiting factors

A

influnce pop. size

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16
Q

density independent limiting facotors

A

does not effect pop.size birth rate and death rate do not change with pop. density

17
Q

most limiting factors are

A

density dependent birth rates fall and death rates rise

18
Q

density dependent populations are a

A

negative feedback
and its where pop. growth is going to be regulated with pop.density

19
Q

intrinsic factors

A

will regulate pop.size and is a physiological factor

ex. mouse can only feed 4 babies which will control the number of offsprings she will have

20
Q

population dynamics

A

are interactions with biotic and abiotic and how it affcts pop. size

21
Q

Abiotic factors
pop. dynamics

A

sunlight & temperature
precipitation / water
soil / nutrients

22
Q

Biotic factors
pop. dynamics

A

other living organisms
prey (food)
competitors
predators, parasites,
disease

23
Q

Intrinsic factors
pop. dynamics

A

adaptations

24
Q

Stability

A

Populations of large mammals relatively stable over time??? (usually)

25
Q

Fluctuation

A

weather and predator population can affect population size over time

26
Q

boom and bust cycle

A

With fewer predators, the prey population can increase again

27
Q

To maintain population stability, two configurations:

A

Zero population growth = High birth rate – High death rate

Zero population growth =Low birth rate – Low death rate

28
Q

Demographic transition =

A

the move from the first state to the second state

or

moving from high birth rate to low death rate or to low birth rate to high death rate

29
Q

Age structure

A

is a diagram to predict growth trends and to see where an organism will be in the future

LOkk and understand how to read them

30
Q

Infant Mortality and Life Expectancy

A

Both vary greatly among developed and developing countries
Do not capture the wide range of the human condition

only birth and death rate

31
Q

Global Carrying Capacity

A

How many humans can the biosphere support?

32
Q

Estimates of Carrying Capacity
humans

A

Earth for humans is uncertain
Average estimate is 10–15 billion

33
Q

Limits on Human Population Size
is

A

One measure of how close we are to the carrying capacity of Earth
Countries vary greatly
We can regulate our growth, unlike others
Ecological footprint concept

34
Q

Ecological footprint concept

A

aggregate land and water area needed to sustain the people of a nation