3C - The Process Of Psychological Development 🌱 Flashcards
What are the areas of psychological development?
- emotional development
- social development
- cognitive development
all three areas interact and influence eachother
What is emotional development?
changes in how a person experiences, interprets and expresses the full range of emotions, and their ability to cope with them effectively.
What is attachment?
a close, social and emotional bond between infant and caregivers
What is John Bowlby’s theory of attachment?
Bowlby concluded that to grow up mentally healthy and emotionally, an infant requires a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with their caregiver
What did John Bowly find while studying emotionally disturbed children?
- a greater likelyhood of developing mental disorders, such as depression.
- have a reduced IQ compared to control group
- demonstrate more antisocial behaviour and deliquency
- have more abnormal interactions and may be unable to form healthy attachments with their own offspring.
What were Harry Harlow’s findings in infant-mother attachment?
Harlow found that the infant monkey’s in his study spent significantly more time with the cloth surrogate than they did the wire mother, simply only going to the wire mother to feed before returning back to the cloth surrogate.
What did Harry Harlow’s findings assume?
that contact comfort was also likely to be a crucial factor in formation of human-caregiver attachments.
what is social development?
changes in a person’s ability to interact with other people and function as a member of society
what is observational learning?
the development of new behaviours as a result of observing the actions of others and the consequences of those actions
what is modelling?
a form of learning where we observe behaviour of others and then replicate it
what is Albert Bandura’s social learning theory?
the theory that one of the ways we learn which behaviours to repeat or not repeat is through observational learning
what is cognitive development?
changes in an individuals mental abilities
what is assimilation?
a cognitive process that involves taking a new concept and fitting it into or making it part of a pre-existing mental idea or structure
define ‘schema’
our pre-existing mental ideas relating to a given concept that help us organise and interpret new information
what is accommodation?
a cognitive process that involves changing or adjusting existing ideas to deal with new situations
what is object permanence?
an understanding that objects continue to exist even if they cannot be seen, touched, or heard. developed in sensorimotor stage
describe piaget’s sensorimotor stage
ages 0-2 years. in this stage, infants are developing the ability to coordinate their sensory input with their motor actions, and also the ability to perform goal-directed behaviour
what is goal-directed behaviour?
a planned series of actions with a purpose, developed in sensorimotor stage
describe piaget’s pre-operational stage
ages 2-7 years. children learn to use symbols more confidently to solve simple problems and talk about things that are not physically present, they are likely to engage in pretend play
what is symbolic thinking?
a type of thinking that uses symbols, such as words or images, to solve simple problems and to talk about things that are not physically present. developed in pre-operational stage
what is animism?
developed in pre-operational stage. the belief that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions
what is egocentrism?
developed in pre-operational stage. a limited ability to share or appreciate someone else’s point of view
what is transformation?
developed in pre-operational stage. the understanding that something can change from one state, form or structure to another
describe piaget’s concrete operational stage
in this stage, children can now perform several mental operations on real, concrete objects and events.
what is reversibility?
developed during the concrete operational stage. the understanding that actions can be undone or reversed
what is conversation?
developed during the concrete operational stage. the understanding that certain qualities of an object remain the same even when its appearance changes. e.g. conversation of mass, conversation of volume, conversation of number
what is classification
developed during the concrete operational stage. the ability to sort objects into groups based on their features
describe piaget’s formal operational stage
11+ years. during this stage, adolescents become more systematic in their problem solving attempts.
what is hypothetical deductive reasoning?
developed during piaget’s formal operational stage. a way of thinking that involves developing a hypothesis based on might logically occur
what is abstract thinking
developed during formal operational stage. a way of thinking that is not reliant on directly observing, visualising, experiencing or manipulating something to understand it.
