3C New Energy Powertrains Flashcards
NEV
New Energy Vehicle
LPG
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
- Intermediary technology to natural gas, mostly obsolete in developed countries
LNG
Liquefied Natural Gas
- lastest natural gas solution with high energy density work
ICE
Internal Combustion Engine
Hydrogen ICE
modified traditional ICE with hydrogen as combustion fuel
HEV - voltage?
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (Medium voltage electric motor to assist the process of driving, no charging)
PHEV
Plug-in hybrid. High voltage with charging battery that can run either on battery or diesel
BEV
Battery Electric Vehicle
- power fully relies on battery electric power
–> mature infrastructure
MHEV
Mild hybrids are generally cars with an internal combustion engine equipped with an electric machine. Low voltage electric motor only serve the process of start and brake. Battery-assisted.
Hydrogen fuel cell
- use hydrogen to generate electric power that can support vehicles
= Fuel Cell
In which stage is Hydrogen fuel cell?
How developed is technology?
For which type of transport?
High energy density solution for long-haul transport but undeveloped technology
What role do alternative fuels take?
MHEV (Mild Hybrid), LNG & others as bridging solutions
Key features of BEV
- milage per charge 200-300 miles
- charging speed 8h
Advantages of BEV
- BEV will be more cost efficient the ICE, with TCO partiy around 2025
- Clean energy
- flexible refueling
Current limitations of BEV
tip: think of physical properties
- low charging speed
- milage limitation
- additional weight
How does the fuel cell work?
It turns hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) into electricity to drive motor
Key features & advantages of the fuel cell?
- high energy density: milage per charge 400-600 km
- quick refuelling: charging speed: 5-15min
- fuel usage: hydrogen -> only water as final remains
Limitations of the fuel cell
- High price: high equipment cost FC stack 100-150k and high hydrogen cost 100$ per 100km
- technology not ready by 2030: improvement in terms of durability and safety needed
- undeveloped hydrogen society: unstable hydrogen supply and insufficient hydrogen fuelling infrastructure
Alternative fuels key features
- same milage as with ICE
Advantage of Mild hybrid vehilces
- less limitation on milage or infrastructure
- low R&D threshold
- effective on light commercial vehicles urban driving cases with frequent stop-and-go
Limitations of Mild hybrid vehicles
- cost of two powertrains driving up vehicle price
- limited effect in heavy vehicles
- advantages overall less clear than pure ICE or pure EV
- not a clean technology
LNG System key features
- milage 500-600km
- charging in 5-10min.
- LNG fuel
Advantages of LNG system
- high energy density = 500km per charge
- quick refuelling
- low costs given favorable natural gas price
Current limitations of LNG system
- LNG stations not fully available and high reliance on gas supply network
- unstable price
- technology barrier: safety needs to be improved, not clean, not mature.
LCV
light commercial vehicle. Less than 6 tons
MDT
medium duty truck 6-16 tons.
HDT
High duty trucks > 15 tons.
Which use case has most km/day
HDT that does long-haul transportation for non-perishable goods sold in mass quantities; some perishable gods
–> Hub -> hub/city 200-750km
How many km/day do special use HDT do?
For construction, harbor, mining it are usually up to 175km/day
What about the US and new energy powertrains?
US:
- rich reserves and low price of oil and natural gas
- limited subsidies by Federal & States government
- no strict emission reduction targets nation wide
- -> Frontrunner of LNG; follower of BEV, Fuel Cell
What about the Europe and new energy powertrains?
- limited reserves of oil and gas
- EURO VI for HDT introduced with strict emission limits
- Country variance exist, BEV by Germany, LNG by Italy, Fuel cell more by France
- -> Frontrunner of BEV and fuel cell; follower of alternative fuels
What about China and new energy powertrains?
- limited reserves of oil and gas
- China VI for HDT to be adopted with strict emission limits
- Dual-credit policy for CVs to be introduced further escalates battery adoption
- fuel cell route favored by major OEMs
- -> Frontrunner of BEV and Fuel Cell; follower of alternative fuels, LNG
In Europe for which use cases should the fuel cell be used?
Inter-city delivery and long-haul transport
MDT, HDT
In Europe for which use cases should battery be used?
Inner city delivery, inter-city delivery for LCV & MDT.
Does Europe lead NEV adoption for LCVs?
Yes with BEV
Does Europe lead NEV adoption for MDTs?
Yes for MHEV
