Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology A-level > 3A Exchange and Transport Systems > Flashcards

3A Exchange and Transport Systems Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 5 common traits of exchange surfaces?

A
  1. A large SA to volume ratio of the organism
  2. Very thin so that diffusion can occur across a short distance
  3. Selectively permeable to control which substances exchange
  4. Movement of the environmental medium
  5. A transport system to move the internal medium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name two animal exchange surfaces

A

Alveoli, Villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name one plant exchange surface

A

Root hair cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many cells do O2 and CO2 diffuse across between the air and the blood. What tissues are they part of?

A

2 cells

Must travel through the alveoli which is one cell and capillaries which is also one cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What structure is partially permeable. Suggest how movement of substances is controlled.

A

Cell surface membrane

It is selectively permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give 4 examples of mechanisms by which environmental media are moved by animals across exchange substances.

A

Active transport
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Cotransport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the primary transport system of vertebrates

A

Cardiovascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the transport system of vascular plants

A

Xylem and Phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

State how unicellular organisms such as bacteria obtain vital substances from their environment.

A

They use active transport, diffusion, cotransport and facilitated diffusion through their cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do unicellular organisms not require a transport system?

A

They have a high SA to volume ratio

Therefore they can just use diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

State two ways in which insect ventilate their exchange systems

A
  • Insects flex their muscles which expands and compresses their system
  • Valves on the spiracles - valves at the front of the body bring air in, at the back they draw air out forming a ventilation system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do gases enter an insect’s body?

A

Through spiracles which are small holes in the side of their bodies - They don’t have lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is gas exchanged in an insect?

A

Through spiracles which run along the side of their bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name the 4 parts of an insect that help in gas exchange?

A
  • Spiracles
  • Tracheae
  • Some have air sacs
  • Tracholes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the tracheae?

A

It runs through an insects body and is a part of their respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the Tracheoles?

A

At the ends of the tracheae in an insect, they go right to the tissues that need the gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many cells make up a singular tracheole?

A

One

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is the flow of gases controlled in an insect?

A

There are valves in the spiracles which determine which direction the gases can flow, this stops the insect inhaling too much

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do insects prevent dust particles etc entering their respiratory system?

A

There are protective lattices in the spiracles which prevent small particles from entering the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List the order of the parts of the gas exchange system of an insect

A

Spiracles –> Tracheae –> Tracheoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do insects react to oxygen debt during intense exercise?

A

There is water in the Tracheae which is released into cells, this breaks down the lactic acid and prevents too much lactic acid building up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Explain how the tracheal system limits the size of insects

A

The conc. of oxygen in our atmosphere means conc. gradient isn’t high enough for the oxygen to reach tissues in the insect with this respiratory system

If the insect was scaled up too much, they would become dehydrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Give 3 examples of exchange surfaces in humans

A
  • Alveoli
  • Villi
  • Capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Give 4 examples of things that are exchanged at exchange surfaces in humans

A
  • Oxygen
  • CO2
  • Heat
  • Minerals/vitamins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Life is ….

A

Cellular (like a box of chocolates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do all substances enter or leave a living organism through?

A

A cell plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is any surface which substrates are transferred across called?

A

Exchange surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does every exchange surface always include?

A

A cellular membrane - this is true even for multicellular organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How do exchange surfaces pose a problem to multicellular organisms?

A

Distance between exterior and interior environments is too great for substances to simply diffuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do multicellular organisms overcome the problems with exchange surfaces?

A
  • Have had to evolve

- More intricate systems for exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Name an issue with surface area

A

Smaller molecules don’t have the same amount of difficulty as larger molecules do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the role of the waxy outer layer of a cactus?

A

Prevents water loss (due to the hydrophobic lipids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why do cactuses have spines?

A

They are leaves which have curled up –> This reduces the SA and therefore the water loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Name 5 ways cactuses prevent water loss

A
  • Waxy outer layer
  • Small plants
  • Smooth skin
  • Long thin layer of roots
  • Reduced area of leaf to spines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the formula for SA of a cylinder?

A

2πr^2 + 2πrh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the formula for the volume of a cylinder?

A

πr^2h

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What occurs along the length of the tracheal system in an insect?

A

Diffusion gradients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the conc. of O2 and CO2 at the tracheole ends?

A
  • The lowest conc. of O2

- Highest conc. of CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How do insects circulate gases around their body?

A

Insects flex their bodies by muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How do muscle contractions help insects to circulate gases?

A

–> It expands and compresses their system - including the air sacs

–> Fluctuating pressure moves air in and out of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Why is the tracheole ends being filled with water helpful?

A

During intense activity, lactate builds up around the muscles - dissolves this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Why is lactate being soluble useful for the breaking down of lactate in tracheoles?

A

It reduces the water potential - water then moves into the cells

This reduces the water in the tracheole ends + so extends the reach of air into the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Fish’s skin must be…

A

Watertight –> consequently makes them oxygen tight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Fish are relatively large animals compares to insects, what does this mean for their SA to volume ratio?

A

They have a relatively low SA to volume ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Fish are aquatic, do they still require oxygen?

A

Yes!

Their cells still need oxygen for respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Where do fish obtain oxygen from?

A

From water

47
Q

Why don’t fish breathe with lungs?

A

It would be mechanically difficult to breathe water with lungs

48
Q

What is the concentration of oxygen in water like compared to the concentration in air?

A

Water contains far less (dissolved) oxygen than air

49
Q

What do fish use to breathe instead of lungs?

A

They have to have a different system, therefore they use gills

50
Q

What are fishes gills like?

A

They are highly evolved

51
Q

How are fish gills high evolved?

A

They use several structure to maximise the area of the exchange surfaces

52
Q

What sort of flow is in fish gills?

A

They have a counter current flow

53
Q

How do fish take in air?

A

Through their mouths

54
Q

Why is fish taking in air through their mouths good?

A

It keeps a constant flow of water, helping the gills

55
Q

What are gill filaments like?

A

They are long and flat

56
Q

What do gill filaments have running along them?

A

Lamella

57
Q

What is the role of Lamella on gills?

A

To increase the SA of the gill to allow more oxygen to flow through

58
Q

What is running along the gill arch?

A

The gill filaments

59
Q

Name the structure of a gillin size order

A

Gill arch –> Gill filaments –> Lamella

60
Q

What is a counter current flow in a fish?

A

The blood and water flow in opposite directions

61
Q

What would happen if there was a concurrent flow in a fish?

A

The conc. would become the same at one point and there would no longer be a conc. gradient

62
Q

Why is there a counter current flow in a fish?

A

So there is a large conc. gradient at all stages

63
Q

The conc. gradient in the lamelle allow what?

A

Oxygent to move from the water into the blood

64
Q

Large SA to volume ratio allows what

A

Speed up the rate of exchange

65
Q

Very thin exchange surface allows what?

A

Short diffusion pathway

66
Q

Partially permeable exchange surface allows what?

A

Allows selected/materials to diffuse easliy

67
Q

Gills are made up of stacks of what?

A

Gill filaments

68
Q

At right angles to the filaments in gills are what?

A

Lamellae

69
Q

What is the lamellaes role in gills?

A

Increase the SA

70
Q

In order for efficient gas exchange in fish the flow of __1__ and __2__ must be in opposite directions

A

1 -Blood

2- Water

71
Q

What is blood and water flowing in opposite directions in a fish known as?

A

Countercurrent flow

72
Q

Give an example of movement of an external medium

A

Oxygen

73
Q

What does movement of external medium allow for exchange surfaces?

A

To maintain diffusion grad

74
Q

What does movement of internal medium allow for exchange surfaces?

A

To maintain diffusion grad

75
Q

What are 5 features that would create an effective exchange surface?

A
  • Large SA to volume ratio
  • Very thin
  • Movement of external medium
  • Movement of internal medium
  • Partially permeable
76
Q

Why do we need exchange surfaces?

A

To allow substances to be transported/exchanged

To allow cells to perform their essential functions

77
Q

What substances need to be exchanged in humans?

A
  • O2
  • CO2
  • Glucose
  • All minerals and nutrients needed
78
Q

Name 4 essential functions cells need to perform involving exchange surfaces

A
  • Take in O2
  • Take in nutrients
  • Maintaining temp/heat loss
  • Get rid of CO2
79
Q

What is the diffusion pathway of larger organisms like?

A

Larger organisms have much longer diffusion pathways

80
Q

Why are large active organisms unable to rely on their body surface for diffusion?

A
  • SA to volume is insufficient for exchange

- The distance is too great

81
Q

What is the main transport method for single-celled organisms?

A

Diffusion

82
Q

What is the main transport method for multicellular organisms?

A

Mass transportation

83
Q

What does the rate of heat loss from an organism depend on?

A

Its surface area

84
Q

Give an example of an animal with a small SA

A

A hippo

85
Q

If an animal has a larger SA, what does this mean for the rate of heat loss?

A

It makes it harder for them to lose heat

86
Q

Give an example of an animal with a large SA

A

A mouse

87
Q

If an animal has a smaller SA, what does this mean for the rate of heat loss?

A

They have a high SA to volume ratio, therefore they lose heat a lot more easily

88
Q

As smaller animals lose heat more easily what does this require them to have?

A

A relatively high metabolic rate, in order to generate enough heat to stay warm

89
Q

Why is a gaseous exchange surface being thin helpful?

A

It provides a short diffusion pathway

90
Q

Give 3 features which increase the rate of diffusion

A

1 - Large SA
2 - Thin
3 - Steep conc. gradient

91
Q

Where do single celled organisms absorb and release gases?

A

Via diffusion through their outer surface

92
Q

Why is diffusion an effective method of transport in single celled organisms?

A

They have a large SA + a thin surface and a short diffusion pathway

93
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A

It is flexible and is surrounded by cartilage rings

94
Q

What is the role of the cartilage rings that surround the trachea?

A

Allow the trachea to stay open, even when inhalation causes the air pressure in the tube is decreased

95
Q

What would happen if you didn’t have the cartilage around the trachea?

A

When exhaling the trachea would collapse due to the decrease in pressure

96
Q

What is the structure of the Bronchi?

A

Two divisions of he trachea - have cartilaginous rings

97
Q

What is the structure of the bronchioles?

A

Wall is made of muscle - heavily branched to carry air to all parts of the plants

98
Q

What does the muscular walls of the bronchioles allow them to do?

A

To regulate the flow of air into and out of the alveoli by contraction of pipes

99
Q

What is the role of goblet cells?

A

Produce mucus

100
Q

What is the role of ciliated cells?

A

Waft the mucus out of the trachea and away from the lungs

101
Q

What is the structure of the alveoli?

A

Minute air sacs

102
Q

How big are the alveoli?

A

100-300um

103
Q

How can alveoli stretch to pull air in?

A

The collagen and elastic fibres allow them to be flexible

104
Q

What lines the inside of both the trachea and bronchi?

A

Ciliated cells and goblet cells

105
Q

How does the structure of the trachea compare to the structure of the bronchi?

A

They are exactly the same, the bronchi are just smaller

106
Q

Why do mammals need lungs?

A
  • Mammals are large animals they need a larger SA to get sufficient oxygen
  • Increasing SA increases efficiency of exchange
  • Ventilation increases efficiency with internal/external mediums
107
Q

Why do sharks need to keep moving?

A

Sharks are cartilaginous fish, so they can’t circulte and make the external medium and their bloody oxygen levels would lower

108
Q

Why are mammalian lungs inside the body?

A
  • The lungs need the ribs to stop them collapsing
  • Exchange surface in inside the body - if it was on outside the system would get damaged lots
  • Exchange surface outside body = lots of water loss
109
Q

How thick are alveoli?

A

0.05um - 0.3um

110
Q

How thick are capillaries?

A

0.04um-0.2um

111
Q

How many red blood cells can pass through a capillary at once?

A

1 red blood cell, the cell is forced against the wall of the capillary - they therefore slow down and this allows more time for gases to diffuse

112
Q

Why is the red blood cells being flattened against the capillary walls a positive adaptation?

A

Reduces the diffusion pathway

113
Q

Why is the constant flow of blood around the alveoli a useful adaptation?

A

Maintains the constant concentration gradient

114
Q

How are the lungs kept ventillated?

A

Breathing movements keep the lungs ventilated, replacing the external medium

Biology A-level (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions