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ECVS Tobias > 38. Tissues of the Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

38. Tissues of the Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the axial skeleton in vertebrates?
A) Facilitates movement
B) Stores fat
C) Protects the central nervous system
D) Assists in glucose metabolism

A

C) Protects the central nervous system

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2
Q

Which of the following cell types are responsible for collagen synthesis in cartilage?
A) Osteoblasts
B) Fibroblasts
C) Chondrocytes
D) Myoblasts

A

C) Chondrocytes

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3
Q

Which component of the extracellular matrix is most responsible for its tensile strength?
A) Glycosaminoglycans
B) Proteoglycans
C) Collagen fibers
D) Elastic fibers

A

C) Collagen fibers

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4
Q

Which protein acts as a boundary lubricant in joints?
A) Collagen
B) Lubricin
C) Aggrecan
D) Hyaluronic acid

A

B) Lubricin

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5
Q

What is the main difference between cortical and trabecular bone?
A) Cortical bone has a higher mineral content
B) Trabecular bone is denser
C) Cortical bone is more porous
D) Trabecular bone is primarily found in the diaphysis

A

A) Cortical bone has a higher mineral content

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6
Q

The primary cellular mechanotransducer in bone is the:
A) Osteoclast
B) Osteocyte
C) Chondrocyte
D) Fibroblast

A

B) Osteocyte

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7
Q

Which type of collagen is predominant in articular cartilage?
A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV

A

B) Type II

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8
Q

In tendons and ligaments, which structural feature provides resistance to tension?
A) Proteoglycan complexes
B) Collagen fiber orientation
C) High cellular density
D) Presence of elastic fibers

A

B) Collagen fiber orientation

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9
Q

Which glycoprotein acts as a scaffold for the deposition of collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix?
A) Fibronectin
B) Aggrecan
C) Hyaluronan
D) Decorin

A

A) Fibronectin

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10
Q

In bone, which type of cell is primarily responsible for resorption?
A) Osteocyte
B) Osteoblast
C) Osteoclast
D) Chondrocyte

A

C) Osteoclast

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11
Q

Which zone of articular cartilage has the highest concentration of proteoglycans?
A) Zone I (superficial)
B) Zone II (transitional)
C) Zone III (radiate)
D) Zone IV (calcified)

A

C) Zone III (radiate)

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12
Q

Which glycosaminoglycan is known for its large size and significant role in cartilage hydration?
A) Chondroitin sulfate
B) Keratan sulfate
C) Hyaluronic acid
D) Dermatan sulfate

A

C) Hyaluronic acid

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13
Q

What is the primary role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle?
A) Synthesizing proteins
B) Storing calcium
C) Providing structural support
D) Generating ATP

A

B) Storing calcium

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14
Q

Tropoelastin is a monomeric component of which extracellular matrix structure?
A) Collagen
B) Fibronectin
C) Elastin
D) Laminin

A

C) Elastin

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15
Q

Which enzyme is essential for the formation of cross-links in collagen and elastin fibers?
A) Prolyl hydroxylase
B) Collagenase
C) Lysyl oxidase
D) Elastase

A

C) Lysyl oxidase

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16
Q

The primary role of fibrocartilage in joints is to:
A) Reduce friction
B) Absorb shock and provide flexibility
C) Store minerals
D) Facilitate joint lubrication

A

B) Absorb shock and provide flexibility

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17
Q

Which connective tissue structure is highly organized in a parallel fiber arrangement to resist tensile forces?
A) Articular cartilage
B) Tendon
C) Ligament
D) Bone

A

B) Tendon

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18
Q

The tidemark in articular cartilage separates which two zones?
A) Zone I and Zone II
B) Zone II and Zone III
C) Zone III and Zone IV
D) Zone IV and subchondral bone

A

C) Zone III and Zone IV

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19
Q

What role do small leucine-rich proteoglycans play in connective tissue?
A) Facilitating mineral deposition
B) Assisting collagen fibrillogenesis
C) Binding calcium ions
D) Enhancing muscle contractility

A

B) Assisting collagen fibrillogenesis

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20
Q

Which structure in skeletal muscle fibers acts as the boundary for sarcomeres?
A) I-band
B) Z-disc
C) H-zone
D) A-band

A

B) Z-disc

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21
Q

Which structure in bone remodeling is primarily responsible for sensing mechanical strain?
A) Osteoblasts
B) Osteoclasts
C) Osteocytes
D) Chondrocytes

A

C) Osteocytes

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22
Q

Which of the following cells is a key player in the inflammatory response during muscle injury?
A) Osteoblast
B) Chondrocyte
C) Mast cell
D) Satellite cell

A

D) Satellite cell

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23
Q

What is the primary role of the endomysium in skeletal muscle?
A) Surrounding and protecting the entire muscle
B) Enclosing individual muscle fibers
C) Anchoring muscle to bone
D) Transmitting nerve signals

A

B) Enclosing individual muscle fibers

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24
Q

The main function of cartilage in diarthrodial joints is to:
A) Resist tension
B) Protect bone marrow
C) Reduce friction and absorb shock
D) Promote cell migration

A

C) Reduce friction and absorb shock

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25
Q

In the process of collagen biosynthesis, which cofactor is essential for proline hydroxylation?
A) Calcium
B) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
C) Magnesium
D) Iron

A

B) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

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26
Q

What is the principal component of the nuchal ligament?
A) Type I collagen
B) Type II collagen
C) Proteoglycans
D) Elastic fibers

A

D) Elastic fibers

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27
Q

In articular cartilage, which structure is responsible for delineating the boundary between the unmineralized and mineralized zones?
A) Tide mark
B) Cement line
C) Perichondrium
D) Subchondral bone

A

A) Tide mark

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28
Q

Which of the following bone cells is derived from hematopoietic stem cells?
A) Osteocyte
B) Osteoclast
C) Osteoblast
D) Chondrocyte

A

B) Osteoclast

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29
Q

The contractile unit of a myofiber in skeletal muscle is the:
A) Sarcolemma
B) Sarcomere
C) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
D) Myofibril

A

B) Sarcomere

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30
Q

Which structure is responsible for force transmission from muscle to bone?
A) Ligament
B) Tendon
C) Cartilage
D) Perimysium

A

B) Tendon

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31
Q

Which part of the extracellular matrix provides resistance to compressive forces in articular cartilage?
A) Collagen fibers
B) Elastic fibers
C) Proteoglycans
D) Glycoproteins

A

C) Proteoglycans

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32
Q

The main mineral component of bone is:
A) Calcium chloride
B) Calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite)
C) Sodium phosphate
D) Potassium carbonate

A

B) Calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite)

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33
Q

What is the predominant type of collagen in tendons?
A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV

A

A) Type I

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34
Q

Which component of the sarcomere shortens during muscle contraction?
A) A-band
B) I-band
C) Z-disc
D) H-zone

A

B) I-band

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35
Q

Which type of cell is primarily responsible for synthesizing the extracellular matrix of cartilage?
A) Osteocyte
B) Fibroblast
C) Chondrocyte
D) Myoblast

A

C) Chondrocyte

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36
Q

The process by which bone remodels in response to mechanical stress is known as:
A) Endochondral ossification
B) Intramembranous ossification
C) Wolff’s law
D) Bone calcification

A

C) Wolff’s law

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37
Q

The elasticity of elastic fibers primarily results from which property of tropoelastin?
A) Low molecular weight
B) Hydrophilic interactions
C) High water content
D) Hydrophobic interactions

A

D) Hydrophobic interactions

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38
Q

Which component of bone contains osteoprogenitor cells and supports bone repair?
A) Endosteum
B) Periosteum
C) Epiphysis
D) Diaphysis

A

B) Periosteum

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39
Q

What is the primary role of type II collagen in articular cartilage?
A) Providing compressive strength
B) Reducing friction in joints
C) Giving tensile strength
D) Promoting cell migration

A

C) Giving tensile strength

40
Q

Which enzyme family is involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix, particularly during injury?
A) Hydrolases
B) Matrix metalloproteinases
C) Kinases
D) Synthases

A

B) Matrix metalloproteinases

41
Q

What is the significance of the cement line in bone structure?

A

The cement line is a boundary in bone that separates osteons from surrounding bone matrix, providing structural integrity and delineating remodeled bone areas.

42
Q

How do chondrocytes contribute to the longevity of articular cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes synthesize and maintain the extracellular matrix, balancing matrix synthesis and degradation to sustain cartilage’s load-bearing properties over time.

43
Q

Describe the role of the primary cilium in mechanosensitive cells of the musculoskeletal system.

A

The primary cilium detects mechanical stimuli, initiating signaling pathways that enable cells to respond to changes in mechanical load, contributing to tissue adaptation.

44
Q

Why is collagen type I crucial for tendon function?

A

Type I collagen provides tensile strength and durability, enabling tendons to transmit force from muscle to bone and withstand high stress.

45
Q

What is Wolff’s law, and how does it apply to bone?

A

Wolff’s law states that bone remodels and adapts in response to mechanical stress, increasing strength in areas under high load and resorbing in areas of disuse.

46
Q

How does the periosteum support bone repair after a fracture?

A

The periosteum contains osteoprogenitor cells that differentiate into osteoblasts, aiding in callus formation and bone healing at the fracture site.

47
Q

What function does aggrecan serve in articular cartilage?

A

Aggrecan attracts and retains water, providing cartilage with compressive resistance and the ability to withstand load in joints.

48
Q

Explain the role of proteoglycans in maintaining the structure of connective tissue.

A

Proteoglycans attract water molecules, creating turgor and maintaining hydration, which helps resist compressive forces and sustain tissue integrity.

49
Q

What is the function of the periosteum in healthy bones?

A

The periosteum provides a source of osteoprogenitor cells for growth and repair, supplies nutrients, and acts as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments.

50
Q

Why is type II collagen critical in articular cartilage compared to type I collagen?

A

Type II collagen forms a network adapted for tensile strength and multidirectional load-bearing in cartilage, essential for joint function and durability.

51
Q

Which type of bone structure predominantly fills the metaphyseal regions of long bones?

A) Cortical bone
B) Osteonal bone
C) Cancellous bone
D) Lamellar bone

A

C) Cancellous bone

52
Q

Which of the following best describes the composition of a sarcomere in skeletal muscle?

A) Overlapping layers of collagen fibers
B) Organized arrays of actin and myosin filaments
C) Layers of elastin and collagen
D) Chains of calcium ions

A

B) Organized arrays of actin and myosin filaments

53
Q

What protein is primarily involved in initiating muscle contraction by binding to calcium?

A) Troponin
B) Tropomyosin
C) Myosin
D) Actin

A

A) Troponin

54
Q

Which of the following structures contains the highest concentration of type I collagen?

A) Articular cartilage
B) Tendon
C) Nucleus pulposus
D) Synovial fluid

A

B) Tendon

55
Q

Fibrocartilage primarily consists of which type of collagen?

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV

A

A) Type I

56
Q

Which cell type is responsible for generating new bone matrix during bone remodeling?

A) Osteoclast
B) Chondrocyte
C) Osteoblast
D) Fibroblast

A

C) Osteoblast

57
Q

Which protein in connective tissue contributes to resilience and the ability to return to the original shape after deformation?

A) Collagen
B) Aggrecan
C) Elastin
D) Fibronectin

A

C) Elastin

58
Q

The role of osteoclasts in bone remodeling is to:

A) Deposit new bone matrix
B) Resorb bone matrix
C) Differentiate into osteocytes
D) Stimulate osteoblast activity

A

B) Resorb bone matrix

59
Q

Which muscle fiber type is best adapted for sustained, low-velocity contractions?

A) Type I
B) Type IIa
C) Type IIb
D) Type III

A

A) Type I

60
Q

Which proteoglycan is most abundant in articular cartilage and plays a key role in hydration and compressive resistance?

A) Aggrecan
B) Versican
C) Decorin
D) Fibromodulin

A

A) Aggrecan

61
Q

What is the primary function of proteoglycans in articular cartilage?

A

Proteoglycans provide compressive resistance and help maintain hydration by attracting water into the cartilage matrix.

62
Q

How does the structure of collagen in tendons support its function?

A

Collagen fibers in tendons are densely packed and aligned parallel to the direction of force, allowing tendons to efficiently transfer muscular force to bones and resist tensile stress.

63
Q

Describe the role of mesenchymal stem cells in connective tissue repair.

A

Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into various cell types, including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and fibroblasts, aiding in the repair and regeneration of damaged connective tissues.

64
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes in articular cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes synthesize and maintain the extracellular matrix, including collagen and proteoglycans, crucial for the load-bearing properties of cartilage.

65
Q

Explain how fluid shear stress affects connective tissue cells.

A

Fluid shear stress stimulates mechanoreceptors on cell surfaces, triggering intracellular signaling pathways that promote matrix remodeling and adaptation to mechanical loads.

66
Q

Why is the extracellular matrix critical for bone strength?

A

The extracellular matrix provides a scaffold for mineral deposition, conferring compressive strength through its mineral content and tensile strength via collagen fibers.

67
Q

What is the role of fibrocartilage in the musculoskeletal system?

A

Fibrocartilage provides support and flexibility, commonly found in intervertebral discs and menisci, and adapts to high load and shear environments.

68
Q

Describe how elastic fibers contribute to the function of certain ligaments.

A

Elastic fibers allow ligaments like the nuchal ligament to stretch and recoil, enabling flexibility and resilience in structures that undergo frequent movement.

69
Q

What is the primary role of osteoclasts in bone remodeling?

A

Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue, breaking down the bone matrix, which is essential for bone remodeling, calcium homeostasis, and the repair of micro-damage.

70
Q

Describe the role of collagen type II in articular cartilage.

A

Collagen type II provides tensile strength and structural integrity in articular cartilage, forming a web-like structure that resists multi-directional stresses during joint movement.

71
Q

What is the function of chondroitin sulfate in connective tissues?

A

Chondroitin sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan, provides structural support and contributes to the compressive strength of tissues by attracting water and maintaining hydration within the extracellular matrix.

72
Q

How do satellite cells respond to muscle injury?

A

Satellite cells become activated, proliferate, and differentiate into myoblasts that fuse with damaged myofibers, facilitating muscle repair and regeneration.

73
Q

Explain the role of osteocytes in bone remodeling.

A

Osteocytes act as mechanosensors, detecting mechanical strain and coordinating bone remodeling by regulating osteoblast and osteoclast activity.

74
Q

What property allows elastin to undergo repetitive stretch and recoil in tissues like the nuchal ligament?

A

Elastin’s molecular structure allows it to stretch up to 70% of its length and then recoil due to entropic forces that return it to its original configuration.

75
Q

How does the organization of collagen fibers differ between articular cartilage and tendons?

A

In articular cartilage, collagen fibers are arranged in a multi-directional, web-like pattern to accommodate compressive and shear forces, while in tendons, they are aligned in parallel to efficiently resist tensile forces.

76
Q

What is the function of fibronectin in connective tissues?

A

Fibronectin acts as a scaffold for cell adhesion, supporting matrix organization and facilitating interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix.

77
Q

Describe the role of the extracellular matrix in skeletal muscle structure.

A

The extracellular matrix provides structural support, anchors muscle fibers, and aids in force transmission from muscle cells to tendons and bones.

78
Q

What causes fibrocartilage to form in response to articular cartilage injuries?

A

Fibrocartilage formation in response to injury is due to the proliferation of fibroblasts and their production of type I collagen, which lacks the compressive properties of native articular cartilage.

79
Q

How does the organization of collagen fibrils contribute to the tensile strength of ligaments?

A

Collagen fibrils in ligaments are densely packed and organized in a parallel orientation, providing resistance to tensile forces and allowing ligaments to stabilize joints.

80
Q

Explain the function of the A-band in a sarcomere.

A

The A-band in a sarcomere represents the area of overlapping myosin and actin filaments, contributing to the force generated during muscle contraction.

81
Q

What is the role of decorin in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues?

A

Decorin, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan, binds to collagen fibrils, helping to regulate fibrillogenesis and maintain the structural integrity of connective tissues.

82
Q

Describe the function of fibronectin in connective tissues.

A

Fibronectin facilitates cell adhesion, supports matrix organization, and acts as a scaffold for collagen and elastin deposition in connective tissues.

83
Q

What role does the periosteum play in bone health and repair?

A

The periosteum contains osteoprogenitor cells and supplies nutrients to bone, playing a crucial role in bone growth, repair, and providing an attachment for muscles and tendons.

84
Q

Why is the calcaneal tendon adapted with greater elasticity compared to other tendons?
.

A

The calcaneal tendon contains a higher proportion of elastic fibers, allowing it to store energy during locomotion and provide efficient elastic recoil to support weight-bearing activities

85
Q

How do osteocytes communicate within the bone matrix?

A

Osteocytes communicate via cytoplasmic projections through canaliculi, forming a network of interconnected cells that can relay signals related to mechanical strain and bone remodeling.

86
Q

What is the primary mechanical property of collagen that contributes to tendon function?

A

Collagen provides tensile strength, allowing tendons to withstand high forces and transmit muscular contractions to bones effectively.

87
Q

Explain the difference between lamellar and woven bone.

A

Lamellar bone has an organized, layered structure and is found in mature bone, whereas woven bone has a disorganized structure, is rapidly formed, and is typically present in developing or healing bone.

88
Q

What adaptation allows articular cartilage to maintain its function under compressive load?

A

Articular cartilage has a high water content and contains proteoglycans, like aggrecan, which attract water, creating osmotic pressure that provides resistance to compressive forces.

89
Q

How do glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) contribute to the structure and function of cartilage?

A

GAGs attract water due to their anionic charge, helping to hydrate the cartilage and provide resistance to compressive forces, maintaining cartilage resilience and load-bearing capacity.

90
Q

How does vitamin C deficiency affect collagen synthesis?

A

Vitamin C is essential for proline hydroxylation, a step in collagen synthesis. A deficiency impairs collagen stability and strength, leading to conditions like scurvy, characterized by weak connective tissues.

91
Q

What is the function of osteoprogenitor cells in bone?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells are precursor cells that differentiate into osteoblasts, supporting bone formation and repair.

92
Q

How does the periosteum contribute to bone repair after a fracture?

A

The periosteum contains osteoprogenitor cells and supplies nutrients that aid in bone regeneration and the formation of a callus during fracture repair.

93
Q

Why is hyaluronic acid important in the extracellular matrix of cartilage?

A

Hyaluronic acid attracts water, contributing to the hydration and compressive resistance of cartilage, and provides a viscous lubricant that aids in joint movement.

94
Q

How does the extracellular matrix (ECM) support the regeneration of skeletal muscle?

A

The ECM provides a scaffold for satellite cells during muscle repair and regeneration and supplies structural support for new myofiber formation.

95
Q

What is the difference between isotonic and isometric muscle contractions?

A

In isotonic contractions, the muscle changes length and moves a load, while in isometric contractions, the muscle length remains the same, and no movement occurs, but tension is generated.

ECVS Tobias (16 decks)

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