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124. Basic Ophthalmic Surgical Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the eyelids in dogs and cats? A. Tear production B. Protecting the ocular surface C. Enhancing vision D. Regulating intraocular pressure

A

B. Protecting the ocular surface

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2
Q

Which of the following muscles is responsible for elevating the superior eyelid? A. Levator palpebrae superioris B. Orbicularis oculi C. Malaris muscle D. Frontalis muscle

A

A. Levator palpebrae superioris

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3
Q

Which nerve provides sensation to the eyelids and corneal surface? A. Facial nerve B. Trigeminal nerve C. Oculomotor nerve D. Vagus nerve

A

B. Trigeminal nerve

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4
Q

The most common complication of retrobulbar blocks is: A. Retrobulbar hemorrhage B. Globe perforation C. Optic nerve damage D. Infection

A

A. Retrobulbar hemorrhage

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5
Q

Which of the following is a contraindication for performing a retrobulbar block? A. Diabetes mellitus B. Blepharitis C. Local infection D. Corneal ulceration

A

C. Local infection

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6
Q

Which of the following is most effective in preventing the oculocardiac reflex during ocular surgery? A. Glycopyrrolate B. Lidocaine C. Epinephrine D. Phenylephrine

A

A. Glycopyrrolate

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7
Q

During ophthalmic surgery, why is ocular lubrication necessary? A. To enhance anesthesia B. To reduce infection C. To prevent corneal desiccation D. To dilate the pupil

A

C. To prevent corneal desiccation

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8
Q

What is the recommended dilution ratio for povidone-iodine solution used in presurgical preparation of the eye? A. 1:10 B. 1:20 C. 1:30 D. 1:50

A

D. 1:50

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9
Q

Which of the following agents is most suitable for corneal irrigation during surgery? A. Normal saline B. Povidone-iodine scrub C. Hydrogen peroxide D. Alcohol

A

A. Normal saline

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10
Q

What position is preferred for most adnexal and orbital procedures in dogs? A. Sternal recumbency B. Dorsal recumbency C. Lateral recumbency D. Ventral recumbency

A

A. Sternal recumbency

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11
Q

The most common eyelid tumor in dogs is: A. Melanoma B. Squamous cell carcinoma C. Meibomian gland adenoma D. Histiocytoma

A

C. Meibomian gland adenoma

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12
Q

Which of the following is the recommended suture pattern for closing a wedge resection in the eyelid? A. Simple interrupted B. Continuous horizontal mattress C. Cruciate D. Purse-string

A

A. Simple interrupted

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13
Q

What is the most common congenital eyelid abnormality in cats? A. Ectropion B. Entropion C. Eyelid agenesis D. Ankyloblepharon

A

C. Eyelid agenesis

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14
Q

Which of the following antibiotics is typically used for postoperative topical application in ophthalmic surgery? A. Amoxicillin B. Ciprofloxacin C. Neomycin D. Doxycycline

A

C. Neomycin

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15
Q

Entropion in cats often requires which of the following surgical approaches? A. V-Y plasty B. Hotz-Celsus procedure C. Conjunctival graft D. Wedge resection

A

B. Hotz-Celsus procedure

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16
Q

What is the primary purpose of a retrobulbar block during enucleation? A. Decrease intraocular pressure B. Enhance pupil dilation C. Provide analgesia and slightly exteriorize the globe D. Reduce corneal reflex

A

C. Provide analgesia and slightly exteriorize the globe

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17
Q

Which nerve is responsible for motor innervation of the orbicularis oculi muscle? A. Oculomotor nerve B. Trigeminal nerve C. Facial nerve D. Optic nerve

A

C. Facial nerve

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18
Q

The most common cause of ankyloblepharon in kittens is: A. Conjunctivitis B. Herpesvirus infection C. Eyelid agenesis D. Lacrimal duct obstruction

A

B. Herpesvirus infection

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19
Q

A chalazion is best treated by: A. Cryotherapy B. Chalazion curettage C. Antibiotic ointment D. Enucleation

A

B. Chalazion curettage

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20
Q

In dogs, what percentage of eyelid tumors are benign? A. 25% B. 50% C. 73% D. 90%

A

C. 73%

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21
Q

Temporary tarsorrhaphy is primarily used to: A. Correct ectropion B. Protect the cornea during healing C. Reduce intraocular pressure D. Enhance tear production

A

B. Protect the cornea during healing

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22
Q

What is the first-line treatment for keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs? A. Topical antibiotics B. Cyclosporine or tacrolimus C. Corticosteroid injections D. Surgical correction

A

B. Cyclosporine or tacrolimus

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23
Q

Which surgical technique is recommended for removing small meibomian gland tumors? A. Cryotherapy B. Laser ablation C. Wedge resection D. Electrocautery

A

C. Wedge resection

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24
Q

When performing eyelid surgery, what type of suture material is preferred for closing the skin? A. Polypropylene B. Polyglactin C. Catgut D. Silk

A

B. Polyglactin

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25
Q

Which of the following is a key indication for performing a permanent medial canthoplasty? A. Entropion B. Ectropion C. Euryblepharon D. Lagophthalmos

A

C. Euryblepharon

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26
Q

Which of the following is the most common eyelid tumor in cats? A. Meibomian gland adenoma B. Squamous cell carcinoma C. Melanoma D. Histiocytoma

A

B. Squamous cell carcinoma

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27
Q

The Hotz-Celsus procedure is primarily used to treat: A. Ectropion B. Entropion C. Lagophthalmos D. Distichiasis

A

B. Entropion

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28
Q

During corneal surgery, a lightweight eyelid speculum used to retract the eyelids is: A. Castroviejo speculum B. Barraquer wire speculum C. Chalazion clamp D. Jaeger lid plate

A

B. Barraquer wire speculum

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29
Q

Which of the following is the correct treatment for ectopic cilia? A. Manual epilation B. Cryoepilation C. Chalazion curettage D. Enucleation

A

B. Cryoepilation

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30
Q

The muscle responsible for closing the eyelids is the: A. Levator palpebrae superioris B. Orbicularis oculi C. Frontalis D. Malaris

A

B. Orbicularis oculi

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31
Q

The oculocardiac reflex is best prevented by: A. Administering atropine preoperatively B. Using topical anesthetic drops C. Applying a warm compress D. Placing an Elizabethan collar

A

A. Administering atropine preoperatively

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32
Q

What is the primary purpose of using a chalazion clamp during eyelid surgery? A. Prevent bleeding B. Increase corneal exposure C. Stabilize the eyelid D. Elevate the third eyelid

A

C. Stabilize the eyelid

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33
Q

The most common congenital nasolacrimal duct anomaly in dogs is: A. Punctal aplasia B. Ectopic puncta C. Nasolacrimal cysts D. Canalicular atresia

A

A. Punctal aplasia

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34
Q

A commonly used antibiotic for prophylaxis during ophthalmic surgery is: A. Enrofloxacin B. Amoxicillin C. Cefazolin D. Doxycycline

A

C. Cefazolin

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35
Q

A nasolacrimal duct flush is typically performed to: A. Diagnose corneal ulcers B. Relieve epiphora C. Remove foreign bodies from the eye D. Assess tear production

A

B. Relieve epiphora

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36
Q

Which of the following instruments is essential for eyelid margin repair? A. Castroviejo needle holder B. Stevens tenotomy scissors C. Barraquer wire speculum D. Derf needle holder

A

A. Castroviejo needle holder

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37
Q

In cases of entropion correction in cats, how should the correction be estimated? A. Underestimate the correction B. Exact measurement based on rolling C. Overestimate the correction D. No correction required

A

C. Overestimate the correction

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38
Q

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the nasolacrimal system? A. Lacrimal gland B. Canaliculi C. Sclera D. Puncta

A

C. Sclera

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39
Q

The Schirmer tear test is primarily used to assess: A. Intraocular pressure B. Tear production C. Corneal sensitivity D. Retinal function

A

B. Tear production

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40
Q

Which muscle retracts the globe in dogs during anesthesia? A. Retractor bulbi muscle B. Levator palpebrae superioris C. Orbicularis oculi D. Malaris muscle

A

A. Retractor bulbi muscle

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41
Q

A commonly used surgical procedure for correcting lagophthalmos is: A. Tarsorrhaphy B. Conjunctivoplasty C. Keratoplasty D. Blepharoplasty

A

A. Tarsorrhaphy

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42
Q

Which of the following is a common cause of acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction? A. Congenital agenesis B. Foreign bodies C. Ectopic cilia D. Retinal detachment

A

B. Foreign bodies

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43
Q

Which of the following surgical techniques is most effective for deep corneal ulcers? A. Conjunctival graft B. Hotz-Celsus procedure C. Cryotherapy D. Enucleation

A

A. Conjunctival graft

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44
Q

Which of the following surgical flaps is commonly used for large upper or lower eyelid defects? A. Sliding pedicle advancement flap B. Lip-to-lid flap C. Semicircular flap D. V-Y plasty

A

C. Semicircular flap

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45
Q

For surgical removal of a meibomian gland adenoma, the best approach is: A. Cryoablation B. Wedge resection C. Laser ablation D. Electrocautery

A

B. Wedge resection

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46
Q

The gland of the third eyelid contributes approximately what percentage of tear production? A. 10% B. 20% C. 35% D. 50%

A

C. 35%

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47
Q

What is the recommended treatment for severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca unresponsive to medical therapy? A. Conjunctival graft B. Parotid duct transposition C. Enucleation D. Retrobulbar block

A

B. Parotid duct transposition

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48
Q

Ectopic cilia most commonly cause which of the following symptoms? A. Corneal ulceration B. Decreased tear production C. Retinal detachment D. Epiphora

A

A. Corneal ulceration

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49
Q

Which of the following antibiotics is commonly used in postoperative ophthalmic ointments? A. Ciprofloxacin B. Neomycin C. Vancomycin D. Chloramphenicol

A

B. Neomycin

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50
Q

For temporary relief of epiphora due to nasolacrimal duct obstruction, which of the following is most effective? A. Normograde flushing B. Retrograde flushing C. Topical corticosteroids D. Cryotherapy

A

A. Normograde flushing

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51
Q

What is the common term for prolapse of the nictitating membrane gland?

A

Cherry eye

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52
Q

At what age does prolapse of the nictitating membrane gland typically occur in dogs?

A

Before 2 years of age

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53
Q

Which breeds are commonly affected by prolapse of the nictitating membrane gland?

A

Cocker Spaniels, Lhasa Apsos, Bulldogs, Pekingese

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54
Q

What is the appearance of a prolapsed nictitating membrane gland?

A

Smooth pink or red mass

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55
Q

What is a common complication if a prolapsed nictitating membrane gland is left untreated?

A

Chronic conjunctivitis

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56
Q

What is the preferred treatment for prolapse of the nictitating membrane gland?

A

Surgical repositioning

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57
Q

Why is excision of the prolapsed nictitating membrane gland generally not recommended?

A

Because the gland contributes to tear production

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58
Q

Which surgical technique is described by the Kaswan and Martin method?

A

Orbital rim anchoring technique

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59
Q

What suture material is typically used for the Kaswan and Martin technique?

A

Nonabsorbable 4-0 monofilament

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60
Q

In the Morgan pocket technique, what is created to reposition the gland?

A

A conjunctival pocket

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61
Q

What suture size is used to close the pocket in the Morgan technique?

A

5-0 or 6-0 polyglycolic acid or polyglactin

62
Q

What complication is common in Bulldogs after gland repositioning surgery?

A

Re-prolapse of the gland

63
Q

Which surgical technique involves anchoring the gland to the cartilage?

A

Orbital rim anchoring

64
Q

What condition can occur alongside nictitating membrane gland prolapse?

A

Eversion of the cartilage

65
Q

What is a common postoperative complication of nictitating membrane gland repositioning?

A

Recurrence or re-prolapse

66
Q

Which condition is commonly seen in breeds that develop cherry eye?

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

67
Q

What is the main risk if the sutures are placed too tightly in a nictitating membrane flap procedure?

A

Eyelid necrosis

68
Q

What is a key indication for using a nictitating membrane flap?

A

Refractory indolent ulcers

69
Q

What is the recommended treatment for large adenocarcinomas on the nictitating membrane?

A

Excision of the entire third eyelid

70
Q

Which breed is predisposed to plasmoma affecting the nictitating membrane?

A

German Shepherds

71
Q

What is the typical treatment for follicular conjunctivitis on the nictitating membrane?

A

Topical dexamethasone or prednisolone

72
Q

What type of biopsy technique is used for masses on the nictitating membrane?

A

Excisional biopsy with tenotomy scissors

73
Q

What surgical procedure is indicated for invasive neoplasia of the nictitating membrane?

A

Excision of the nictitating membrane

74
Q

What is the main cause of corneal ulceration in cases with foreign bodies behind the nictitating membrane?

A

Persistent irritation and inflammation

75
Q

What is a common sign of a foreign body lodged behind the nictitating membrane?

A

Epiphora and blepharospasm

76
Q

Which flap technique uses the nictitating membrane as a corneal shield?

A

Nictitating membrane flap

77
Q

What suture pattern is commonly used for securing a nictitating membrane flap?

A

Horizontal mattress suture

78
Q

What is the primary risk of using nictitating membrane flaps for infected ulcers?

A

Progression of the ulcer

79
Q

What is the main disadvantage of using a nictitating membrane flap?

A

Obscures corneal visualization

80
Q

Which structure must not be exposed during partial excision of the nictitating membrane?

81
Q

What is the first step in removing a foreign body from behind the nictitating membrane?

A

Instillation of a topical anesthetic

82
Q

Which suture size is used for closing excised conjunctiva in partial nictitating membrane removal?

A

6-0 or 7-0 polyglactin

83
Q

What is a common tumor found on the leading margin of the nictitating membrane in dogs?

A

Hemangioma

84
Q

What is the treatment for chronic plasmoma involving the nictitating membrane?

A

Topical cyclosporine

85
Q

Which condition often requires removal of a crescent-shaped strip of conjunctiva?

A

Protrusion of the nictitating membrane

86
Q

What is the recommended postoperative care for excision of the nictitating membrane?

A

Topical antibiotics

87
Q

What technique is used to repair ulcers deeper than two-thirds corneal thickness?

A

Conjunctival graft

88
Q

Which breed is most commonly affected by eversion of the nictitating membrane cartilage?

89
Q

What is the primary function of the nictitating membrane gland?

A

Tear production

90
Q

What antibiotic is recommended postoperatively after gland repositioning?

A

Topical neomycin

91
Q

What is a common presenting sign of cherry eye?

A

Protrusion of a smooth pink mass

92
Q

What condition is a possible complication of untreated cherry eye?

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

93
Q

What technique is preferred for anchoring the gland to the ventral rectus muscle?

A

Orbital rim anchoring

94
Q

Which surgical technique uses a purse-string suture to anchor the gland?

A

Kaswan and Martin technique

95
Q

What suture type is used for Morgan pocket technique?

A

Polyglycolic acid

96
Q

What is a common cause of recurrence after Morgan pocket surgery?

A

Improper suture placement

97
Q

What condition may occur if the Morgan pocket incisions are connected?

A

Cyst formation

98
Q

Which technique is used to correct chronic protrusion of the nictitating membrane?

A

Surgical shortening

99
Q

What is the function of stents in nictitating membrane flap procedures?

A

Distribute tension and prevent necrosis

100
Q

Which diagnostic test confirms corneal ulceration caused by foreign bodies?

A

Fluorescein stain

101
Q

What is the primary function of the nictitating membrane gland in dogs?

A

Tear production

102
Q

Which breed is most commonly affected by prolapse of the nictitating membrane gland?

A

Cocker Spaniel

103
Q

What is the most common clinical sign of a prolapsed nictitating membrane gland?

A

Red mass protruding from the eye

104
Q

Which surgical technique is commonly used to reposition the prolapsed nictitating membrane gland?

A

Morgan pocket technique

105
Q

What suture material is typically used in the Morgan pocket technique?

A

5-0 or 6-0 polyglycolic acid

106
Q

Which complication is most likely to occur if a prolapsed gland is left untreated?

A

Chronic conjunctivitis

107
Q

What percentage of tear production is contributed by the nictitating membrane gland?

108
Q

Which muscle is involved in the Kaswan and Martin orbital rim anchoring technique?

A

Medial rectus muscle

109
Q

What is the main reason for avoiding excision of the prolapsed nictitating membrane gland?

A

To preserve tear production

110
Q

Which surgical technique is commonly preferred due to its ease of learning?

A

Morgan pocket technique

111
Q

In the Morgan pocket technique, how many parallel incisions are made in the conjunctiva?

112
Q

What is a common cause of prolapse of the nictitating membrane gland in young dogs?

A

Genetic predisposition

113
Q

Which suture pattern is commonly used to close the conjunctiva in the Morgan pocket technique?

A

Simple continuous

114
Q

What is a common postoperative complication of the orbital rim anchoring technique?

A

Re-prolapse

115
Q

What is the primary indication for using the nictitating membrane flap technique?

A

Neurotrophic keratitis

116
Q

What type of suture is used in the orbital rim anchoring technique of Kaswan and Martin?

A

4-0 nonabsorbable monofilament

117
Q

What condition often accompanies chronic prolapse of the nictitating membrane gland?

A

Everted cartilage

118
Q

What is a typical clinical sign of a foreign body behind the nictitating membrane?

A

Blepharospasm

119
Q

Which breed is predisposed to plasmoma involving the nictitating membrane?

A

German Shepherd

120
Q

What is the recommended treatment for adenocarcinoma of the nictitating membrane gland?

A

Excision of the entire third eyelid

121
Q

What is the most common indication for partial excision of the nictitating membrane?

A

Tumors on the leading margin

122
Q

Which of the following breeds is least likely to develop a prolapsed nictitating membrane gland?

A

Golden Retriever

123
Q

What is the primary purpose of using a nictitating membrane flap for corneal protection?

A

Protecting the cornea

124
Q

Which type of conjunctival graft is often used after keratectomy for deep corneal ulcers?

A

Conjunctival pedicle graft

125
Q

What is a common cause of nictitating membrane protrusion in cats?

A

Horner’s syndrome

126
Q

What is a common complication associated with the Morgan pocket technique?

A

Cyst formation

127
Q

Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the nictitating membrane?

A

Trigeminal nerve

128
Q

What is the primary function of the third eyelid in dogs and cats?

A

Protecting the corneal surface

129
Q

Which surgical technique is recommended for treating everted cartilage of the nictitating membrane?

A

Hotz-Celsus procedure

130
Q

Which drug is commonly used topically postoperatively after nictitating membrane surgery?

131
Q

What is a typical sign of conjunctivitis involving the nictitating membrane?

A

Mucopurulent discharge

132
Q

What type of biopsy technique is recommended for masses on the nictitating membrane?

A

Incisional biopsy

133
Q

Which antibiotic is commonly used for topical ophthalmic treatment after surgery?

A

Tobramycin

134
Q

What is a contraindication for using the nictitating membrane flap technique?

A

Infected ulcers

135
Q

What is a common clinical sign of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs?

A

Mucopurulent discharge

136
Q

Which surgical technique involves creating a pocket to reposition the gland?

A

Morgan pocket technique

137
Q

What is the main disadvantage of the nictitating membrane flap technique?

A

Limited visualization

138
Q

Which breed is most prone to chronic inflammation of the nictitating membrane gland?

139
Q

What is the main indication for excising the nictitating membrane?

140
Q

What type of suture is used to secure the nictitating membrane flap to the superior eyelid?

A

4-0 nonabsorbable

141
Q

What is a common cause of third eyelid protrusion due to neurological conditions?

A

Horner’s syndrome

142
Q

What is the preferred method for diagnosing foreign bodies behind the nictitating membrane?

A

Ultrasound

143
Q

Which surgical technique is best for correcting a prolapsed nictitating membrane gland with minimal tissue trauma?

A

Orbital rim anchoring

144
Q

What is a common sign of chronic irritation from a prolapsed nictitating membrane gland?

A

Persistent ocular discharge

145
Q

Which condition may mimic a prolapsed nictitating membrane gland in appearance?

146
Q

What is the first step in the Kaswan and Martin anchoring technique?

A

Incising the conjunctiva

147
Q

What is the function of the horizontal mattress suture in nictitating membrane flap surgery?

A

To distribute tension

148
Q

Which breed is most commonly affected by nictitating membrane adenomas?

149
Q

What is the recommended treatment for chronic follicular conjunctivitis of the nictitating membrane?

A

Topical dexamethasone

150
Q

Which surgical technique involves tacking the gland to the ventral rectus muscle?

A

Anchoring to ventral rectus

151
Q

What is the most common complication after repositioning surgery of the nictitating membrane gland?

A

Re-prolapse

ECVS Tobias (16 decks)

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