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ECVS Tobias > 121. Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands question > Flashcards

121. Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands question Flashcards

1
Q

Which artery primarily supplies the cranial portion of the thyroid gland in dogs?

A

b) Cranial thyroid artery

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2
Q

The external parathyroid gland is usually located at which anatomical site relative to the thyroid gland?

A

b) Dorsolateral margin

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3
Q

What percentage of cats with hyperthyroidism have bilateral thyroid gland involvement?

A

c) 70-90%

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4
Q

Which of the following is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in cats?

A

b) Multinodular adenomatous hyperplasia

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5
Q

What is the first-line medical treatment for hyperthyroidism in cats?

A

b) Methimazole

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6
Q

In which breed is primary hyperparathyroidism most commonly seen?

A

c) Keeshond

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7
Q

What is the preferred treatment for canine thyroid carcinoma if the mass is freely movable?

A

b) Surgery

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8
Q

What is the most serious complication associated with bilateral thyroidectomy in cats?

A

b) Hypocalcemia

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9
Q

The primary effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is to:

A

b) Increase calcium levels

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10
Q

Which imaging modality is commonly used to confirm the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in cats?

A

c) Scintigraphy with technetium-99m

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11
Q

True or False: The majority of thyroid tumors in dogs are benign adenomas.

A

FALSE

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12
Q

True or False: In cats, the caudal thyroid artery is often absent.

A

TRUE

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13
Q

True or False: The cranial thyroid artery is the first major branch of the common carotid artery in dogs.

A

TRUE

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14
Q

True or False: Calcitonin primarily functions to increase blood calcium levels.

A

FALSE

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15
Q

True or False: Thyroid hormone (T4) has a longer half-life than triiodothyronine (T3).

A

TRUE

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16
Q

True or False: Ectopic thyroid tissue is more commonly found in dogs than in cats.

A

FALSE

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17
Q

True or False: Parathyroid autotransplantation may be necessary if the external parathyroid gland is inadvertently removed during surgery.

A

TRUE

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18
Q

True or False: Hyperthyroid cats frequently present with hypertension.

A

FALSE

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19
Q

True or False: Scintigraphy is not effective in distinguishing between benign and malignant thyroid masses in cats.

A

TRUE

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20
Q

True or False: Hypothyroidism is commonly seen after thyroidectomy in dogs.

A

FALSE

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21
Q

Describe the anatomical location of the thyroid glands in cats.

A

The thyroid glands in cats are located along the trachea, typically spanning the third to eighth tracheal rings, with a tan, flat appearance.

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22
Q

What is the function of calcitonin, and where is it produced?

A

Calcitonin is produced by parafollicular (C-cells) of the thyroid gland and functions to decrease blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption.

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23
Q

What is the primary cause of hyperthyroidism in cats?

A

The primary cause is benign multinodular adenomatous hyperplasia or adenoma of the thyroid gland.

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24
Q

List two potential complications of thyroidectomy in cats.

A

Hypocalcemia and laryngeal paralysis.

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25
Q

Explain why methimazole is used in the preoperative management of hyperthyroid cats.

A

Methimazole is used to achieve a euthyroid state, reducing metabolic stress on the body and minimizing surgical risks.

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26
Q

How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect the kidneys?

A

PTH increases renal calcium reabsorption and decreases phosphate reabsorption.

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27
Q

Why is thyroid scintigraphy performed before thyroid surgery?

A

To confirm the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and to localize hyperactive thyroid tissue.

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28
Q

What is the main risk of performing bilateral carotid artery ligation during thyroid tumor removal in dogs?

A

It can lead to severe hypertension and tachycardia due to loss of baroreceptor function.

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29
Q

What dietary management option is available for cats with hyperthyroidism?

A

Feeding a low-iodine diet (e.g., Hill’s y/d) to reduce thyroid hormone production.

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30
Q

What are the indications for radioactive iodine therapy in cats with hyperthyroidism?

A

Radioactive iodine therapy is used to treat hyperthyroidism, particularly in cases with ectopic tissue or when surgery is contraindicated.

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31
Q

Explain the surgical approach to accessing the thyroid glands in dogs.

A

A ventral midline cervical approach is made from the larynx to the manubrium, separating the sternohyoideus muscles.

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32
Q

List three clinical signs commonly seen in dogs with thyroid carcinoma.

A

Coughing, dyspnea, and dysphagia.

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33
Q

What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

b) Increase calcium levels

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34
Q

Which of the following is a major complication of parathyroidectomy in dogs?

A

a) Hypocalcemia

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35
Q

What is the most common clinical sign of primary hyperparathyroidism in dogs?

A

c) Urinary tract infections

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36
Q

Which imaging technique is most useful in detecting parathyroid adenomas?

A

b) Ultrasound

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37
Q

What is the preferred treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism in dogs?

A

c) Surgery

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38
Q

True or False: Bilateral thyroidectomy always results in permanent hypothyroidism in cats.

A

FALSE

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39
Q

What is the primary reason for using methimazole in cats prior to thyroid surgery?

A

c) Induce a euthyroid state

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40
Q

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing calcium absorption in the intestines?

A

b) Parathyroid hormone

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41
Q

List two clinical signs of hypocalcemia in cats following thyroidectomy.

A

Facial twitching and tetany.

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42
Q

What is the role of calcitriol in managing hypocalcemia?

A

Calcitriol increases calcium absorption in the intestines and decreases renal excretion of calcium.

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43
Q

What is the primary concern when treating hyperthyroid cats with methimazole long-term?

A

Potential side effects such as gastrointestinal upset, liver toxicity, and blood dyscrasias.

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44
Q

Which condition can be masked in cats by hyperthyroidism, making diagnosis difficult?

A

Chronic kidney disease.

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45
Q

What is the advantage of using radioactive iodine therapy in hyperthyroid cats?

A

It provides a permanent solution by selectively destroying hyperactive thyroid tissue.

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46
Q

Name one diagnostic test used to differentiate between hyperthyroidism and chronic renal disease in cats.

A

Serum total T4 concentration measurement.

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47
Q

Describe the impact of thyroid hormone excess on the cardiovascular system in cats.

A

Thyroid hormone excess leads to tachycardia, murmurs, and can cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

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48
Q

Why might a beta-blocker be used in hyperthyroid cats preoperatively?

A

To control tachycardia and reduce cardiac workload.

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49
Q

How does thyroid hormone influence metabolism in the body?

A

It increases the basal metabolic rate and affects nearly every organ system.

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50
Q

Which diagnostic test is considered the gold standard for diagnosing hyperthyroidism in cats?

A

Serum total T4 concentration measurement.

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51
Q

What are the common metastatic sites for thyroid carcinoma in dogs?

A

Lungs and regional lymph nodes.

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52
Q

Explain the importance of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy.

A

Damage to this nerve can result in laryngeal paralysis, affecting breathing and voice.

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53
Q

What is the role of the cranial thyroid artery in thyroid surgery?

A

It provides the main blood supply to the cranial portion of the thyroid gland.

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54
Q

Name one imaging modality used to detect ectopic thyroid tissue.

A

Scintigraphy.

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55
Q

What is the significance of finding ectopic parathyroid tissue in a cat during surgery?

A

It can affect calcium regulation and may require additional surgical management.

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56
Q

Describe the process of parathyroid autotransplantation.

A

The parathyroid gland is transplanted into nearby muscle tissue to restore function if blood supply is compromised.

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57
Q

What are the two main hormones secreted by the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

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58
Q

Why is calcium gluconate used in managing acute hypocalcemia?

A

It quickly increases serum calcium levels to alleviate symptoms of hypocalcemia.

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59
Q

Which breed of dog is genetically predisposed to primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Keeshond.

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60
Q

True or False: Hyperthyroidism in dogs is usually associated with benign thyroid tumors.

A

FALSE

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61
Q

How does dietary iodine restriction help manage hyperthyroidism in cats?

A

It limits iodine availability, reducing thyroid hormone synthesis.

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62
Q

What is a potential risk of thyroidectomy in dogs with large, invasive tumors?

A

Severe hemorrhage due to high vascularization of the tumor.

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63
Q

List two non-surgical management options for hyperthyroidism in cats.

A

Methimazole therapy and iodine-restricted diet.

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64
Q

Which surgical technique is associated with the highest risk of hypocalcemia in cats after thyroidectomy?

A

b) Extracapsular

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65
Q

What is the major mechanism by which T3 affects cellular metabolism?

A

c) Enhancement of gene transcription

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66
Q

What percentage of dogs with thyroid carcinomas develop metastasis during the course of the disease?

A

d) 80%

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67
Q

In dogs, what is the most common clinical sign of a functional thyroid carcinoma?

A

b) Weight loss

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68
Q

What diagnostic test is used to differentiate between thyroid and non-thyroid cervical masses in dogs?

A

a) Fine needle aspirate cytology

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69
Q

Which hormone is responsible for the negative feedback regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion?

A

b) Thyroxine

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70
Q

Which of the following is the least likely site for metastasis of canine thyroid carcinoma?

A

d) Spleen

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71
Q

In cats, what is a common side effect of long-term methimazole therapy?

A

b) Thrombocytopenia

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72
Q

What is the typical histopathological feature of feline hyperthyroid adenomas?

A

b) Adenomatous hyperplasia

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73
Q

Which procedure is recommended for cats with suspected ectopic thyroid tissue after unsuccessful thyroidectomy?

A

c) Radioactive iodine therapy

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74
Q

True or False: Laryngeal paralysis is a potential complication of thyroidectomy in dogs.

A

TRUE

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75
Q

True or False: Dogs with non-functional thyroid tumors often present with symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

A

FALSE

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76
Q

True or False: Thyroid carcinoma is more common in cats than in dogs.

A

FALSE

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77
Q

True or False: Thyroid scintigraphy can identify both ectopic thyroid tissue and thyroid carcinomas.

A

TRUE

78
Q

True or False: Hyperparathyroidism can lead to fibrous osteodystrophy in dogs.

A

TRUE

79
Q

What clinical condition is commonly associated with primary hyperparathyroidism in dogs?

A

c) Hypercalcemia

80
Q

How is hypocalcemia managed in cats after bilateral thyroidectomy?

A

b) Intravenous calcium gluconate

81
Q

What diagnostic test is most useful for confirming hyperparathyroidism?

A

b) Ionized calcium levels

82
Q

What is the primary reason for performing a modified extracapsular thyroidectomy in cats?

A

c) To preserve parathyroid function

83
Q

Which condition may develop in cats after treatment of hyperthyroidism if they have underlying renal disease?

A

b) Azotemia

84
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in dogs?

A

b) Lymphocytic thyroiditis

85
Q

Which medication is used to reduce heart rate in hyperthyroid cats with tachyarrhythmias?

A

a) Atenolol

86
Q

Describe the primary goal of parathyroid hormone therapy in hypoparathyroid animals.

A

To increase serum calcium levels and stabilize neuromuscular function.

87
Q

What surgical technique is most commonly used to remove a parathyroid adenoma?

A

b) En bloc excision

88
Q

How long after parathyroidectomy does parathyroid autotransplantation tissue typically regain function?

A

b) 7-21 days

89
Q

What is the function of the isthmus glandularis in dogs?

A

a) Connects the thyroid glands

90
Q

What is the role of iodide in thyroid hormone synthesis?

A

c) It is a precursor for thyroid hormone

91
Q

What is the function of the isthmus glandularis in dogs?

A

Connects the thyroid glands

92
Q

What is the role of iodide in thyroid hormone synthesis?

A

It is a precursor for thyroid hormone

93
Q

In which dog breed are thyroid tumors more commonly reported?

A

Golden Retriever

94
Q

Which thyroid hormone is primarily secreted by the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroxine (T4)

95
Q

What is the most common side effect of radioactive iodine therapy in hyperthyroid cats?

A

Hypothyroidism

96
Q

What is a common clinical sign of hypocalcemia in cats post-thyroidectomy?

A

Seizures

97
Q

Which structure is most likely to be damaged during thyroidectomy, leading to vocal changes in dogs?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

98
Q

What is the first-line treatment for hypercalcemia in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Parathyroidectomy

99
Q

True or False: Feline hyperthyroidism is often associated with weight gain.

A

FALSE

100
Q

True or False: Thyroid carcinoma in dogs is frequently non-functional.

A

TRUE

101
Q

What is the primary action of calcitriol in calcium homeostasis?

A

Increase intestinal absorption of calcium

102
Q

What is the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on phosphorus levels in blood?

A

Decreases phosphorus

103
Q

What is the mechanism of action of methimazole in cats?

A

Inhibits thyroid peroxidase enzyme

104
Q

Which imaging modality is best for localizing parathyroid adenomas in dogs?

A

Ultrasound

105
Q

What is the most common complication associated with bilateral thyroidectomy in dogs?

A

Hypothyroidism

106
Q

Why is scintigraphy preferred for evaluating thyroid function in cats?

A

It measures iodine uptake

107
Q

What is the most likely cause of increased serum ionized calcium levels in a dog?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

108
Q

What is the main clinical concern when using radioactive iodine treatment in cats with hyperthyroidism?

A

Development of hypothyroidism

109
Q

True or False: Ectopic thyroid tissue can be found along the aorta in cats.

A

TRUE

110
Q

What is a common presenting sign in dogs with thyroid carcinoma?

A

Coughing

111
Q

How is parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion regulated?

A

By serum calcium levels

112
Q

What is the function of the cranial thyroid artery?

A

Supplies blood to the cranial pole of the thyroid gland

113
Q

What is the typical cause of hyperthyroidism in older cats?

A

Multinodular adenomatous hyperplasia

114
Q

Which hormone regulates the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

Thyroxine (T4)

115
Q

True or False: Hyperthyroidism in dogs is commonly treated with dietary iodine restriction.

A

FALSE

116
Q

What is the most common indication for performing a thyroidectomy in cats?

A

Hyperthyroidism

117
Q

Which thyroid hormone is more biologically active?

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

118
Q

What is the primary action of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

Stimulate thyroid hormone release

119
Q

What is the role of the carotid sheath in thyroid surgery?

A

Contains the common carotid artery, jugular vein, and vagosympathetic trunk

120
Q

Which of the following hormones is involved in calcium homeostasis?

A

Calcitonin

121
Q

What is the most common type of thyroid neoplasm in dogs?

A

Adenocarcinoma

122
Q

True or False: Cats with hyperthyroidism may present with increased appetite and weight loss.

A

TRUE

123
Q

True or False: Parathyroid hormone decreases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys.

A

FALSE

124
Q

What is the main purpose of using beta-blockers in hyperthyroid cats?

A

Reduce heart rate

125
Q

Which imaging technique is most useful for detecting thyroid carcinoma metastasis in dogs?

A

CT scan

126
Q

What is the significance of measuring free T4 levels in cats with suspected hyperthyroidism?

A

It helps confirm borderline cases

127
Q

What is the effect of hyperthyroidism on blood pressure in cats?

A

Increases blood pressure

128
Q

True or False: Thyroid carcinoma in dogs is usually non-functional.

A

TRUE

129
Q

Which artery supplies the caudal portion of the thyroid gland in dogs?

A

Caudal thyroid artery

130
Q

What is the primary cause of hypothyroidism in cats?

A

Thyroidectomy

131
Q

Which of the following conditions can be masked by hyperthyroidism in cats?

A

Renal disease

132
Q

What is the role of the cranial laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery?

A

Controls the vocal cords

133
Q

How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect bone?

A

Stimulates bone resorption

134
Q

True or False: Methimazole therapy in cats can cause liver toxicity as a side effect.

A

TRUE

135
Q

What is the first clinical sign of hypocalcemia in dogs post-parathyroidectomy?

A

Tremors

136
Q

Which condition is associated with excessive production of parathyroid hormone?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

137
Q

What is the purpose of using scintigraphy in hyperthyroid cats?

A

Localize active thyroid tissue

138
Q

True or False: Dogs with thyroid adenomas usually require lifelong thyroid hormone supplementation.

A

FALSE

139
Q

What is the effect of parathyroid hormone on renal phosphorus excretion?

A

Increases excretion

140
Q

Which nerve is at risk of damage during thyroidectomy, potentially leading to Horner’s syndrome?

A

Sympathetic trunk

141
Q

What is the typical treatment for a canine thyroid tumor that is freely movable?

A

Surgical excision

142
Q

Which enzyme is inhibited by methimazole in hyperthyroid cats?

A

Thyroid peroxidase

143
Q

True or False: Hyperthyroidism in cats can lead to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

A

TRUE

144
Q

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing blood calcium levels?

A

Parathyroid hormone

145
Q

What is the preferred imaging modality to assess the extent of thyroid carcinoma in dogs?

A

CT scan

146
Q

What is the most common clinical sign in cats with hyperthyroidism?

A

Weight loss

147
Q

Which structure is at risk during thyroidectomy due to its proximity to the thyroid gland?

A

Carotid sheath

148
Q

What condition is most commonly associated with increased levels of ionized calcium in dogs?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

149
Q

Which hormone decreases in response to elevated calcium levels?

A

Parathyroid hormone

150
Q

True or False: Ectopic thyroid tissue can be functional and cause hyperthyroidism.

A

TRUE

151
Q

Which artery supplies blood to the external parathyroid glands in dogs?

A

Cranial thyroid artery

152
Q

What is the function of thyroglobulin within the thyroid gland?

A

Precursor to thyroid hormones

153
Q

What is the effect of parathyroid hormone on bone?

A

Stimulates bone resorption

154
Q

Which condition is treated with methimazole in cats?

A

Hyperthyroidism

155
Q

What is a common side effect of methimazole therapy in cats?

A

Vomiting

156
Q

Which of the following is a clinical sign of hypocalcemia in dogs?

A

Seizures

157
Q

What is the primary risk associated with bilateral thyroidectomy in cats?

A

Hypoparathyroidism

158
Q

What is the function of the thyroid nerve in dogs?

A

Controls the thyroid hormone release

159
Q

True or False: Thyroid scintigraphy is used to evaluate thyroid gland function in hyperthyroid cats.

A

TRUE

160
Q

What is the role of calcium gluconate in the treatment of hypocalcemia?

A

Rapidly raises blood calcium levels

161
Q

Which breed is most commonly associated with primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Keeshond

162
Q

What is the effect of calcitriol on calcium levels?

A

Increases calcium absorption

163
Q

Which clinical sign is commonly associated with thyroid carcinoma in dogs?

A

Dyspnea

164
Q

Which hormone is monitored after parathyroidectomy to prevent hypocalcemia?

A

Parathyroid hormone

165
Q

True or False: Cats with hyperthyroidism often present with decreased appetite.

A

FALSE

166
Q

What is the mechanism by which thyroid hormone influences metabolism?

A

Increase in cellular oxygen consumption

167
Q

What is a common complication of untreated hyperthyroidism in cats?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

168
Q

What influences metabolism?

A

b) Increase in cellular oxygen consumption

169
Q

What is a common complication of untreated hyperthyroidism in cats?

A

b) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

170
Q

Which medication is commonly used to treat hypercalcemia in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

d) Pamidronate

171
Q

True or False: Parathyroid hormone decreases the reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys.

A

FALSE

172
Q

Which structure runs medial to the thyroid gland and can be at risk during surgery?

A

b) Recurrent laryngeal nerve

173
Q

What is the expected outcome of administering radioactive iodine (I-131) therapy in cats with hyperthyroidism?

A

b) Permanent destruction of hyperactive thyroid tissue

174
Q

What is the most common side effect of radioactive iodine therapy in cats?

A

a) Hypothyroidism

175
Q

Which hormone stimulates the absorption of calcium in the intestines?

A

c) Calcitriol

176
Q

What is the role of the internal jugular vein in thyroid surgery?

A

b) Drains blood from the thyroid gland

177
Q

Which condition is characterized by low blood calcium levels due to parathyroid dysfunction?

A

b) Hypocalcemia

178
Q

What effect does thyroid hormone have on the cardiovascular system?

A

b) Increases cardiac output

179
Q

True or False: Dogs with thyroid carcinoma often present with polyuria and polydipsia.

A

FALSE

180
Q

What is the role of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the body?

A

a) Stimulate TSH secretion

181
Q

What is a common clinical sign of hypocalcemia in cats?

A

b) Muscle tremors

182
Q

What is the recommended approach for treating cats with bilateral thyroid disease?

A

b) Radioactive iodine therapy

183
Q

Which condition is associated with increased levels of TSH despite normal thyroid hormone levels?

A

c) Euthyroid sick syndrome

184
Q

What is the effect of hyperthyroidism on glucose metabolism in cats?

A

c) Hyperglycemia

185
Q

Which hormone decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption?

A

a) Calcitonin

186
Q

True or False: Hypothyroidism in dogs often results in weight gain and lethargy.

A

TRUE

187
Q

Which medication is preferred for long-term management of hyperthyroidism in cats that cannot undergo surgery?

A

c) Methimazole

188
Q

What is the function of the caudal deep cervical lymph nodes in relation to the thyroid gland?

A

c) Drain lymph

189
Q

What is the role of iodine in thyroid hormone synthesis?

A

b) Serves as a precursor for thyroid hormones

190
Q

What is a potential complication of staged bilateral thyroidectomy in cats?

A

a) Severe hypocalcemia

191
Q

True or False: Cats treated with radioactive iodine are at risk of developing hypothyroidism over time.

A

TRUE

192
Q

What is the main function of the thyroid nerve?

A

b) Stimulation of thyroid hormone release

ECVS Tobias (16 decks)

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