38)Immunomodulators + Dental vaccines

Question 1

Immunomodulators

Answer 1

Active agents of immunotherapy

• Influence immune response by ⇡ ⇣ it

Question 2

Immunostimulants

Answer 2

Stimulate immune system ⇢ induce activation + ⇡ activities of its components

• Specific immunostimulants ⇢ Provide antigenetic specificity in immune responses ⇢ antigen/vaccine
• Non-specific ⇢ act irrespective of antigenetic specificity to induce immune response

Classification

• Bacterial vaccines ⇢ meningococcal conjugate vaccine + pneumococcal 23-polyvalent vaccine
• Interferons ⇢ interferon B-1a
• Interluekins
• Vaccine combinations ⇢ MMR vaccine

Question 3

Immunosuppressants

Answer 3

⇣ Body’s ability to reject a transplanted organ

• Induction drugs ⇢ anti-rejection med used at time of transplant
• Maintenance drug ⇢ anti-rejection for long term

Classification

• Calcineurin inhibitors ⇢ Tacrolimus + cyclosporine
• Anti-proliferative agents ⇢ mycophenolate mofetil + Mycophenolate sodium
• mTOR inhibitor ⇢ Sirolimus

Question 4

Pharmacodynamics of immunostimulants

Answer 4

Present a pathogen associated molecular pattern ⇢ recognised by toll-like receptors ⇢ triggers immune response

Vaccines ⇢ Provide active or passive immunity

• Active ⇢ immune system stimulated by inactive versions of antigen ⇢ body produces stronger secondary response in future
• Passive ⇢ antibodies directly injected to fight antigen

Injections of interferons

• Help activate T-cells + the immune system

Question 5

Pharmacodynamics of Immunosuppressants

Answer 5

Suppress cell mediated immune reactions

• Humoral immunity ⇢ affected to a far lesser extent

Cyclosporine ⇢ blocks transcription of cytokines genes activated in T-cells

Question 6

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 6

Metabolism ⇢ SER of liver cells

Excretion ⇢ via help of kidneys

Question 7

Clinical use

Answer 7

Boosts immune system

Treats oral lesions

Treats Sjogren’s syndrome - dry mouth

Question 8

Adverse effects

Answer 8

⇡ temp

Depression

Fatigue

Headache

Muscle pain

Dizziness

Contraindication ⇢ cannot be taken during lactation

Question 9

Dental vaccine

Answer 9

Main dental vaccine ⇢ Anti-caries ⇢ prevention + protection against tooth decay

Routes of administration

Orally

• Daily admin of 10 cells of S.mutans in capsules = ⇡IgA

Systemic

• Antibodies travel to GCF = protection
• Passive dental immunisation