- Chemical applications: Podophyllin (genital), salicylic acid, other topicals. - Physical removal by cauterization, freezing, or laser surgery.

1. ceravarix (16 and 18) 2. gardasil 3. gardasil 9

36 - Virology Non-Eneveloped DNA Virus Flashcards by Marian Pacho

Nonenveloped, dsDNA viruses 36 Kb in length.
52 serotypes associated with human disease.

adenovirus

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what does adenovirus infect? hwo does it spread

Infect lymphoid tissue, respiratory and intestinal
epithelia and conjunctiva.
Spread by respiratory and ocular secretions; fecal-
oral.

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tx of adenovrus

Severe cases treated with interferon or Cidofovir,
a non-specific DNA polymerase inhibitor.

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what virus associated with:
Inactivated polyvalent vaccine available for
military.
Live attenuated Types 4 & 7. Taken orally.

adenoviruses

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disease manifestation of adenovirus

respiratory
eye
UTI/acute hemorrhagic cystitis
GI disease

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Small (50-55 nm), non-enveloped, icosahedral
particles formed with 2 viral proteins.
Stable in the environment.

paillomavirus

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genome of papilomavirus

Genome is circular dsDNA.
~8000 base pairs.
*
7-8 early (E) genes.
2 late (L) structural genes.

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what is squamous epit growth, wart, or verruca

HPV

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what causes HPv

100 diferent strains

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how is HPV transmitted

Transmissible through direct contact or
contaminated fomites; incubation - 2 weeks to
more than a year.

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what are most common warts that regress over time

HPV

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wart treatment

Chemical applications: Podophyllin (genital), salicylic acid, other topicals.
Physical removal by cauterization, freezing, or laser surgery.

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how does HPV infect tissue

HPVs only replicate in epithelial tissue.
Virus enters at wound and attaches to cells at the
basement membrane.
Presumably enter receptor mediated endocytosis.
Binding to genome transcription can take 1-3 days!

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HPV replication deends on what

stage of epi cell differentiation

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disease manigestations of warts

common/seed
flat
plantar
anogenital

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incubation period of warts

3 month

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what is painless elevated rough growth on skin

common/seed

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what is deep, possible painful wart on soles of feet

plantar

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what is warts of squamous epi of external genitalia and perianal areas (problematic can be malignant)

anogenitcal

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disease manigestations of oral/laryngeal papillomas

Benign epithelial tumors of the oral cavity. (Commonly HPV-6 and HPV-11)
Typically pedunculated with a fibrovascular stalk with a rough surface.
Laryngeal can be life-threatening in children if airway is obstructed.
Occasionally found in trachea or bronchi.

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disease manifestations of genital warts

certical papillomas and cancer
- HPV 16 and 18

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carcinoma formation associated with HPV 16 and 18 results from what

partial integration of HPV genome resulting in high expression of the E6 and E7 genes

(why we do early detection)

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HPV vaccines

ceravarix (16 and 18)
gardasil
gardasil 9

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orthomyxovirus is also called what

influenza

structure of infulenza

Enveloped, ssRNA, segmented viruses.

types of flue

3 distinct influenza virus types: A, B, C - Based on Ab. to core antigen. - Type A causes most infections.

what does influenza traget

respiratory tract

where does virus replication occur in influenza

***nucleus*** (transcribed/translated)

key influenza envelope proteins

1. hemaglutinin (H) 2. neuraminidase (N) 3. M2

what does hemagglutinin do

faciliates binding to host cells and fusion

influenza nomenclature

how does influenza evolution occur

1. antigenic DRIFT 2. antigenic SHIFT

what is antigenic shift

Constant mutation is called antigenic drift - this produces a gradual change in amino acid composition. 0.5% - 1% per year in both HA and NA

what is antigenic chisft

Antigenic shift occurs when one of the genes or RNA strands is substituted with a gene or strand from another influenza virus from a different strain of virus. Produces PANDEMIC STRAINS.

what antigenic evolution produces PANDEMIC STRAINS

antigenic shift

Most important cause of medically attended acute respiratory illness. - Seasonal flu morbidity is highest in young children and the elderly. - High mortality pandemics are usually associated with increase incidence of lower respiratory complications, cardiovascular disease, and pneumonia.

influenza A

tranmission of influenza A

airborne - mechanical self-inoculation is uncertain Binds and replicates in ciliated cells of respiratory mucosa. Causes massive apoptosis, rapid shedding of cells, stripping the respiratory epithelium; severe inflammation. Pulmonary abnormalities can persist for weeks.

uncomplicated illness of influenza A

Fever, malaise, headache, chills, sore throat, shortness of breath, coughing. Pulmonary abnormalities can persist for 2-4 weeks.

complications of influenza A

what produce similar clinical signs/symptoms of A

B and C

primary reservoir for influenza B and C

humans

influenza B only undergoes antigenic ___

only DRIFT not know to do SHIFT

how many RNA segments in influenza C

7 RNA

whch influenza has the milder repiratory disease and probably not involved in epidemics

diagnosis of influenza

- Rapid immunofluorescence tests to detect antigens in a pharyngeal specimen; - Serological testing can be done to screen for antibody titer

treatment of flu

1. amantadine and rimantadine - M2 inhibitor 2. zanamivir and tamiflu - NA inhibitor 3. xofluza

mechanism of flu treatment

- M2 inhibitors (previously used) - NA inhibitors (currently used e.g., zanamivir and tamiflu)

standard formulation of flu vaccine

quadrivalent comprised of 2 influenza A subtyeps and 2 influenza B strains

what are traditional vaccine type for flu

Traditional vaccine types were trivalent and comprised of 2 influenza A subtypes and only influenza B virus.

3 types of flu vaccines

1. inactivated vaccine (traditional grown in eggs) 2. flu mist (live attenuated) 3. flucelvax (tissue culture derived no eggs)

paramyxovirus structure

paramyxo virus is associated with what

respiratory transmission and syncitia formation

3 genera of paramyxovirus

1. Morbillivirus - Measles virus 2. Paramyxovirus - Parainfluenza 1-4; Mumps virus 3. Pneumovirus - Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

what is this: Also known as red measles and rubeola. Different from German measles. Very contagious; transmitted by respiratory aerosols (estimated at > 90%). Humans are the only reservoir. Used to be less than 100 cases/yr in U.S.; frequent cause of death worldwide (mostly in developing countries). Virus invades respiratory tract (primary replication). Spread into lymphatic system via monocytes and lymphocytes (secondary infection).

measles

symptoms of measles

Symptoms: Sore throat, dry cough, headache, conjunctivitis, lymphadenitis, fever, ***Koplik spots*** diagnostic oral lesions.

what virus is characteristic maculopapular rash results from T cells targeting measles-infected endothelial cells lining small blood vessels.

measles virus

even tho vacc has cut measles in US, how do periodic epidemics still occur

Herd immunity requires 90% vaccination rate. Usually in unvaccinated populations. May be initiated by foreign traveler. Notable outbreaks: * 2014- Amish community (OH) * 2014/15- Disneyland * 2019- Unvaccinated in NY (73%)

complications of measles

tx and prevention of measles

what is: Respiratory viruses that usually cause mild cold- like symptoms. Widespread as influenza, but more benign.

HPIV

four serotypes of HPIV

- 1,2, & 3 are commonly associated with upper respiratory infections, but also lower respiratory infections and laryngotracheobronchitis (croup). (3 is more often associated with bronchiolitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia.) - Type 4 is associated with mild upper respiratory tract infections in children and adults. (Two subtypes, 4a & 4b.)

epidemiology of parainfluenza

what: Epidemic parotitis; self-limited, associated with painful swelling of parotid salivary glands. Humans are the only reservoir. 40% of infections are subclinical; long-term immunity. Used to be ~300 cases in U.S./year.

mumps virus

incubation and treatment of mumps

what is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) also called

pneumovirus

what is this: Infection initiates in the upper respiratory tract. Cell-to-cell spread produces giant multinucleate cells. Most prevalent cause of respiratory infections in children 6 months or younger; most susceptible to serious disease. Epithelia of nose and eye portal of entry; replicates in nasopharynx. Viral and immune-mediated cell injury leading to cytopathology. Fever, rhinitis, pharyngitis, otitis, and croup.

RSV

monoclonal tx of RSV

Synagis- recommended for high-risk infants. Beyfortus (nirsevimab) Two new vaccines approved in 2023 for 60+ adults. Pfizer vaccine approved during late pregnancy to provide passive immunity to newborns.

what is most common cause of lower repiratory tract infection in young children in US, infection occur primarily during fall, winter and spring.

RSV

does natural immunity provice protection in RSV? what is the vaccine?

- Natural immunity does not provide protection. - No vaccine available. - Previous trials exhibited enhanced disease in vaccinated individuals.