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23 Microbiology > 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

is the interplay between microorganisms and host immune response a causative factor in gingivitis and periodontal disease?

A

YES

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2
Q

host immune disorders may be manifested by what

A

oral pathologies

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3
Q

what is a condition of being able to resist a particular disease, especially thru preventing development of a pathogenic microorganism or by counteracting the effects of its products

A

immunity

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4
Q

how do you achieve immunity

A

by distinguishing “self” form “nonself” and eliminating “nonself”

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5
Q

what are the types of immunity

A

innate and adaptive/acquired

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6
Q

describe innate immunity

A
  1. antigen is non-specific (but may involve pattern recognition)
  2. rapid response (minutes)
  3. no memory (no increase w/ repeated exposure)
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7
Q

describe adaptive/acquired immunity

A
  1. antigen specific
  2. slow response (days)
  3. memory (increases w/ repeated exposure)
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8
Q

what are the components of innate immunity

A
  1. physical and chemical barriers
  2. fever and inflammation
  3. bioactive substanaces
  4. cellular defenses
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9
Q

examples of physical barriers

A
  1. skin
  2. mucous membranes
  3. ciliated epithelium in respiratory tract
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10
Q

examples of chemical barriers (antimicrobial agents)

A
  1. antimicrobial chemicals
  2. enzymes
  3. antimicrobial peptides
  4. low pH
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11
Q

what is an increase in body temp as a result of infection and inflammation (creates conditions unfavorable for pathogen growth)

A

fever

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12
Q

fever is caused by release of ___ from responding immune cells derived from ___ and ___

A

pyrogens; monocytes; macrophages

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13
Q

what is a response to tissue damage and activates the immune system to repair damage

A

inflammation

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14
Q

what are the classic signs of inflammation

A
  1. rubor
  2. calor
  3. tumor
  4. dolor
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15
Q

what is redness, caused by increased blood flow

A

rubor

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16
Q

what is heat, caused by increased blood flow

A

calor

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17
Q

what is swelling, caused by exit of fluid and proteins form blood into tissue

A

tumor

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18
Q

what is pain, caused by increased vascular diameter

A

dolor

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19
Q

what are plasma proteins that act together to attack extracellular pathogens and facilitate their removal

A

complement proteins

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20
Q

what are serum proteins found shortly after infection that recognize common molecular patterns on microorganisms, marking them for killing

A

acute-phase proteins

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21
Q

what are proteins that can induce cells to resist viral replication

A

interferons

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22
Q

what are cells that engulf microorganisms and particulate matter

A

phagocytes

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23
Q

what contain intracellular granules filled w/ agents that promote cell lysis or inflammatory responses

A

polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs or granulocytes)

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24
Q

what are large granular lymphocytes that kill abnormal cells (e.g. infected or tumor cells)

A

natural killer cells

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25
what are dendrite-shaped cells that are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) to T and/or B cells
dendritic cells
26
what is a professional phagocyte that is the most abundant immune cells in peripheral blood
neutrophil (agario looking thing)
27
what is the first immune cell recruited to site of infection
neutrophil (agario looking thing)
28
what releases granules containing antimicrobial agents after engulfing organism to kill it
neutrophil (agario looking thing)
29
what is a phagocyte that processes and presents antigens to adaptive immune system to T cells
macrophages
30
macrophages differentiate from what
blood monocytes
31
what are the macrophages found in liver
Kupffer cells
32
what are the macrophages found in lung
alveolar macrophages
33
what are the macrophages found in spleen
splenic macrophage
34
what are the macrophages found in peritoneum
peritoneal macrophages
35
what are the macrophages found in the brain
microglial cells
36
what is the general term for tissue macrophage
histiocytes
37
T/F: macrophages inhibit various host tissues
TRUE
38
what are types of phagocytes
neutrophils and macrophages
39
what are polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)
neutrophil, eosinophil, mast cell, and basophil
40
what contains antimicrobial granules like a neutrophil but releases them on the target cell surface
eosinophil
41
what usually has a bi-lober nucleus and is important in defense against parasites
eosinophils
42
what contains granules that, when released, promote inflammation
mast cell
43
what is important in defense against parasites and in allergic responses
mast cell
44
what is the primary resident in connective tissue
mast cell
45
what is the circulating counterpart fo the mast cell
basophil
46
what is a large granular lymphocyte that is most similar to T cells
natural killers cells
47
what kills cells that lack self-specific proteins by releasing lytic granules on target cell surface
natural killer cells
48
what are examples of cells that NK cells kill
infected, tumor, and transplanted cellss
49
what promotes cell-mediated immune response against intracellular bacteria and parasites
natural killer cells
50
what are large cells w/ long "arms" that function as a professional APC to T and/or B cells
dendritic cells
51
what is a specialized dendritic cell in tissues
antigen-presenting dendritic cells
52
what is an example of antigen-presenting cells in the skin
APC to T cells: Langerhan's cell
53
what is a specialized dendritic cell in thymus
interdigitating dendritic cells
54
what dendritic cell presents self antigens to developing T cells
interdigitating dendritic cells (thymus)
55
what is a specialized dendritic cell in lymphoid follicles
follicular dendritic cells
56
what dendritic cell holds intact antigen and presents it to B cells undergoing affinity maturation
follicular dendritic cells (lymphoid follicles)
57
what are pattern recognition receptors
toll like receptor
58
what family of receptors recognize different types of common microbial products. signaling from the receptors induce anti-microbial responses
TLR
59
antigen presenting cells may express other types of receptors such as:
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and mannose receptors
60
what are the components of adaptive immunity
1. humoral immunity (B cells) 2. cell-mediated immunity (T cells)
61
what immunity is mediated by antibodies/immunoglobulins
humoral immunity
62
how is humoral immunity mediated by antibodies
serum proteins produced by B cells that bind a specific substance called its antigen (from antibody generator)
63
what provides best protection against extracellular substances (e.g., bacterial toxins, microorganisms)
humoral immunity
64
what cell is mostly nucleus and is just a bit bigger than RBC
lymphocyte
65
what is a foreign material that is specifically bound by antibody or lymphocytes
antigen
66
what are major chemical classes of antigens
1. carbohydrates 2. lipids 3. nucleic acids 4. proteins
67
what are chains of sugars fund in glycoproteins or as components in microorganism
carbohydrates
68
carbohydrates are immunogenic if part of ___, but otherwise not often highly immunogenic
glycoprotein
69
what is a component of cell walls; rarely immunigenic unless conjugated to a protein
lipids
70
what is rarely immunogenic unless conjugated to a protein
nucleic acids
71
what is a folded polypeptide chains; generally immunogenic
proteins
72
what are the roles of antibodies in immunity
1. neutralization 2. antibody-dependent cell activation 3. complement fixation
73
what prevents adherence of toxins, bacteria, and virus to host cells
neutralization
74
what promotes cellular responses in antibodies
antibody-dependent cell activation
75
in antibody-dependent cell activation, what is done to promote phagocytosis
opsonization
75
antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity is completed by what cells
NK cells and eosinophils
75
what role of antibodies facilitates immune responses
complement fixation
76
what occurs during complement fixation
1. enhances uptake 2. kills susceptible bacteria 3. promotes inflammation 4. attracts immune cells
77
immunity mediated by T cell interactions with other cells bearing processed peptide antigens displayed on the cell surface is done by ___
Major Histocompatibility Complex MHC
78
what are the different types of T cells
1. Helper T cells (Th) 2. cytotoxic T cells (CTL) 3. regulatory T cells (Treg)
79
what helps activate B cells (antibody) or macrophages (phagocytosis and antigen presentation), or promotes inflammatory responses
helper t cells
80
what kills non-self cells (infected, tumor, or transplanted cells)
cytotoxic T cells CTL
81
what secretes cytokines that suppress activity of other immune cells
regulatory t cells (Treg)
82
T cells provide immunity to extracellular (___) or intracellular (___) microorganisms, and regulates response (___; controls run-away immune rxns and autoimmunity)
Th, CTL, Treg
83
order of WBC cells from most to least:
neutrohils >/= lymphocytes > monocytes >> eosinophils ~ basophils
84
order of lymphocyte subpopulations from most to least:
T cells > B cells > NK cells; CD4+T > CD8+T
85
which is more, CD4+T or CD8+T?
CD4+T > CD8+T
86
what are noncellular components of innate immunity
physiological, chemical, bioactive molecules, fever, and inflammation
87
what are cellular components of innate immunity
phagocytes, PMNs or granulocytes, NK cells, or dendritic cells

23 Microbiology (7 decks)

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