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23 Microbiology > 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

is the interplay between microorganisms and host immune response a causative factor in gingivitis and periodontal disease?

A

YES

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2
Q

host immune disorders may be manifested by what

A

oral pathologies

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3
Q

what is a condition of being able to resist a particular disease, especially thru preventing development of a pathogenic microorganism or by counteracting the effects of its products

A

immunity

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4
Q

how do you achieve immunity

A

by distinguishing “self” form “nonself” and eliminating “nonself”

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5
Q

what are the types of immunity

A

innate and adaptive/acquired

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6
Q

describe innate immunity

A
  1. antigen is non-specific (but may involve pattern recognition)
  2. rapid response (minutes)
  3. no memory (no increase w/ repeated exposure)
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7
Q

describe adaptive/acquired immunity

A
  1. antigen specific
  2. slow response (days)
  3. memory (increases w/ repeated exposure)
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8
Q

what are the components of innate immunity

A
  1. physical and chemical barriers
  2. fever and inflammation
  3. bioactive substanaces
  4. cellular defenses
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9
Q

examples of physical barriers

A
  1. skin
  2. mucous membranes
  3. ciliated epithelium in respiratory tract
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10
Q

examples of chemical barriers (antimicrobial agents)

A
  1. antimicrobial chemicals
  2. enzymes
  3. antimicrobial peptides
  4. low pH
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11
Q

what is an increase in body temp as a result of infection and inflammation (creates conditions unfavorable for pathogen growth)

A

fever

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12
Q

fever is caused by release of ___ from responding immune cells derived from ___ and ___

A

pyrogens; monocytes; macrophages

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13
Q

what is a response to tissue damage and activates the immune system to repair damage

A

inflammation

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14
Q

what are the classic signs of inflammation

A
  1. rubor
  2. calor
  3. tumor
  4. dolor
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15
Q

what is redness, caused by increased blood flow

A

rubor

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16
Q

what is heat, caused by increased blood flow

A

calor

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17
Q

what is swelling, caused by exit of fluid and proteins form blood into tissue

A

tumor

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18
Q

what is pain, caused by increased vascular diameter

A

dolor

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19
Q

what are plasma proteins that act together to attack extracellular pathogens and facilitate their removal

A

complement proteins

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20
Q

what are serum proteins found shortly after infection that recognize common molecular patterns on microorganisms, marking them for killing

A

acute-phase proteins

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21
Q

what are proteins that can induce cells to resist viral replication

A

interferons

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22
Q

what are cells that engulf microorganisms and particulate matter

A

phagocytes

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23
Q

what contain intracellular granules filled w/ agents that promote cell lysis or inflammatory responses

A

polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs or granulocytes)

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24
Q

what are large granular lymphocytes that kill abnormal cells (e.g. infected or tumor cells)

A

natural killer cells

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25
Q

what are dendrite-shaped cells that are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) to T and/or B cells

A

dendritic cells

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26
Q

what is a professional phagocyte that is the most abundant immune cells in peripheral blood

A

neutrophil (agario looking thing)

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27
Q

what is the first immune cell recruited to site of infection

A

neutrophil (agario looking thing)

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28
Q

what releases granules containing antimicrobial agents after engulfing organism to kill it

A

neutrophil (agario looking thing)

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29
Q

what is a phagocyte that processes and presents antigens to adaptive immune system to T cells

A

macrophages

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30
Q

macrophages differentiate from what

A

blood monocytes

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31
Q

what are the macrophages found in liver

A

Kupffer cells

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32
Q

what are the macrophages found in lung

A

alveolar macrophages

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33
Q

what are the macrophages found in spleen

A

splenic macrophage

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34
Q

what are the macrophages found in peritoneum

A

peritoneal macrophages

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35
Q

what are the macrophages found in the brain

A

microglial cells

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36
Q

what is the general term for tissue macrophage

A

histiocytes

37
Q

T/F: macrophages inhibit various host tissues

A

TRUE

38
Q

what are types of phagocytes

A

neutrophils and macrophages

39
Q

what are polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, mast cell, and basophil

40
Q

what contains antimicrobial granules like a neutrophil but releases them on the target cell surface

A

eosinophil

41
Q

what usually has a bi-lober nucleus and is important in defense against parasites

A

eosinophils

42
Q

what contains granules that, when released, promote inflammation

A

mast cell

43
Q

what is important in defense against parasites and in allergic responses

A

mast cell

44
Q

what is the primary resident in connective tissue

A

mast cell

45
Q

what is the circulating counterpart fo the mast cell

A

basophil

46
Q

what is a large granular lymphocyte that is most similar to T cells

A

natural killers cells

47
Q

what kills cells that lack self-specific proteins by releasing lytic granules on target cell surface

A

natural killer cells

48
Q

what are examples of cells that NK cells kill

A

infected, tumor, and transplanted cellss

49
Q

what promotes cell-mediated immune response against intracellular bacteria and parasites

A

natural killer cells

50
Q

what are large cells w/ long “arms” that function as a professional APC to T and/or B cells

A

dendritic cells

51
Q

what is a specialized dendritic cell in tissues

A

antigen-presenting dendritic cells

52
Q

what is an example of antigen-presenting cells in the skin

A

APC to T cells: Langerhan’s cell

53
Q

what is a specialized dendritic cell in thymus

A

interdigitating dendritic cells

54
Q

what dendritic cell presents self antigens to developing T cells

A

interdigitating dendritic cells (thymus)

55
Q

what is a specialized dendritic cell in lymphoid follicles

A

follicular dendritic cells

56
Q

what dendritic cell holds intact antigen and presents it to B cells undergoing affinity maturation

A

follicular dendritic cells (lymphoid follicles)

57
Q

what are pattern recognition receptors

A

toll like receptor

58
Q

what family of receptors recognize different types of common microbial products. signaling from the receptors induce anti-microbial responses

A

TLR

59
Q

antigen presenting cells may express other types of receptors such as:

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and mannose receptors

60
Q

what are the components of adaptive immunity

A
  1. humoral immunity (B cells)
  2. cell-mediated immunity (T cells)
61
Q

what immunity is mediated by antibodies/immunoglobulins

A

humoral immunity

62
Q

how is humoral immunity mediated by antibodies

A

serum proteins produced by B cells that bind a specific substance called its antigen (from antibody generator)

63
Q

what provides best protection against extracellular substances (e.g., bacterial toxins, microorganisms)

A

humoral immunity

64
Q

what cell is mostly nucleus and is just a bit bigger than RBC

A

lymphocyte

65
Q

what is a foreign material that is specifically bound by antibody or lymphocytes

A

antigen

66
Q

what are major chemical classes of antigens

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. lipids
  3. nucleic acids
  4. proteins
67
Q

what are chains of sugars fund in glycoproteins or as components in microorganism

A

carbohydrates

68
Q

carbohydrates are immunogenic if part of ___, but otherwise not often highly immunogenic

A

glycoprotein

69
Q

what is a component of cell walls; rarely immunigenic unless conjugated to a protein

A

lipids

70
Q

what is rarely immunogenic unless conjugated to a protein

A

nucleic acids

71
Q

what is a folded polypeptide chains; generally immunogenic

A

proteins

72
Q

what are the roles of antibodies in immunity

A
  1. neutralization
  2. antibody-dependent cell activation
  3. complement fixation
73
Q

what prevents adherence of toxins, bacteria, and virus to host cells

A

neutralization

74
Q

what promotes cellular responses in antibodies

A

antibody-dependent cell activation

75
Q

in antibody-dependent cell activation, what is done to promote phagocytosis

A

opsonization

75
Q

antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity is completed by what cells

A

NK cells and eosinophils

75
Q

what role of antibodies facilitates immune responses

A

complement fixation

76
Q

what occurs during complement fixation

A
  1. enhances uptake
  2. kills susceptible bacteria
  3. promotes inflammation
  4. attracts immune cells
77
Q

immunity mediated by T cell interactions with other cells bearing processed peptide antigens displayed on the cell surface is done by ___

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex MHC

78
Q

what are the different types of T cells

A
  1. Helper T cells (Th)
  2. cytotoxic T cells (CTL)
  3. regulatory T cells (Treg)
79
Q

what helps activate B cells (antibody) or macrophages (phagocytosis and antigen presentation), or promotes inflammatory responses

A

helper t cells

80
Q

what kills non-self cells (infected, tumor, or transplanted cells)

A

cytotoxic T cells CTL

81
Q

what secretes cytokines that suppress activity of other immune cells

A

regulatory t cells (Treg)

82
Q

T cells provide immunity to extracellular (___) or intracellular (___) microorganisms, and regulates response (___; controls run-away immune rxns and autoimmunity)

A

Th, CTL, Treg

83
Q

order of WBC cells from most to least:

A

neutrohils >/= lymphocytes > monocytes&raquo_space; eosinophils ~ basophils

84
Q

order of lymphocyte subpopulations from most to least:

A

T cells > B cells > NK cells; CD4+T > CD8+T

85
Q

which is more, CD4+T or CD8+T?

A

CD4+T > CD8+T

86
Q

what are noncellular components of innate immunity

A

physiological, chemical, bioactive molecules, fever, and inflammation

87
Q

what are cellular components of innate immunity

A

phagocytes, PMNs or granulocytes, NK cells, or dendritic cells

23 Microbiology (7 decks)

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