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23 Microbiology > 34 - Virology > Flashcards

34 - Virology Flashcards

1
Q

why are viruses important for the patient

A
  1. infections of the mough
  2. cancers of the mouth
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2
Q

why are viruses important for the provider

A
  1. respiratory transmitted viruses
  2. orally transmitted viruses
  3. contact transmitted viruses
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3
Q

what is an obligate intracellular parasite that requires host cell metabolic processes and protein synthesis machinery

A

virus

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4
Q

what is the smallest known self-replicating organisms

A

virus

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5
Q

what is a RNA or DNA genome encased in a protein shell

A

virus

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6
Q

virus hosts

A

bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, plants, animals

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7
Q

size of viruses

A

human viral pathogens range from 20 nm (parvovirus) - 450 nm (poxvirus) in diameter

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8
Q

what does “virus” mean in latin

A

slimy liquid or poison

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9
Q

what is single virus particle

A

virion

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10
Q

what is RNA or DNA packaged within virion

A

genome

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11
Q

what is nuclei acid-protein assembly packaged within virion that is discrete substructure of the particle

A

nucleocapsid

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12
Q

what is protein shell surrounding the nucleic acid genome

A

capsid

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13
Q

what is the purpose of capsid

A

form stable protective shell for genome

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14
Q

what does capsid protect against

A

variations in temperature, pH, and chemical composition of the environment

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15
Q

what is nucleic acid surroundingn protein shell

A

core

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16
Q

what is viral protein layer associated with virion membrane

A

matrix

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17
Q

what is membrane surrounding virus core

A

envelope

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18
Q

types of DNA

A

Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)
Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)
Circular vs. linear.

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19
Q

types of RNA

A
  • single stranded RNA (ssRNA)
  • double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)
  • ambisence RNA
  • segmented vs. non-segmented
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20
Q

types of SSRNA

A
  • Positive Sense (+)= translatable RNA (same as mRNA)
  • Negative Sense (-)= RNA must be copied into (+) RNA prior to protein expression.
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21
Q

describe ambisence RNA

A

There are genes on both (+) and (-) sense RNAs

22
Q

what are reverse transcribing viruses

A

RNA viruses that convert to DNA during life cycle.

23
Q

what is a solid with 20 triangular faces and 12 vertices related by 2, 3, and 5 fold axes of symettery

A

icosahedron (soccer ball)

24
Q

what shape is the virus structure

A
  1. icosahedron
  2. helical
  3. ovoid/amorphous
  4. filamentous
  5. fullerene cone
25
Q

what part of the virus is vital in transmission and its mechanism of infection

A

outer surface of a virus

26
Q

___: A host cell-derived lipid bilayer carrying viral glycoproteins that forms the outer layer of a virus particle.

A

Envelope

27
Q

advantages of envelope

A

Protective lipid membrane full of proteins and sugars can protect against chemicals and enzymes.

28
Q

what are disadvantages of envelope

A

less stable in the environment

29
Q

what viruses tend to be more stable in terms of viral membrane

A

non-enveloped viruses

30
Q

how do most viruses acuire membrane

A

budding thru a host cell membrane (plasma membrane, ER, golgi, or nuclear membrane)

31
Q

T/F: viral envelope proteins are post-translationally targeted to the appropriate membrane

A

tRUE

32
Q

most viruses are limited to what

A
  1. host
  2. tissue
  3. cell type
33
Q

what is the host range of viruses

A

cells, tissues, species that a virus can productively infect

34
Q

is host range an absolute measurement

A

yes

35
Q

host cell range is determined by what

A
  1. Host cell receptor availability for virus binding/entry
  2. Presence of intracellular host cell factors to support virus replication
36
Q

what is the capacity of a cell, tissue, or species to support virus replication

A

susceptibility

37
Q

is susceptibility qualitative or quantitative

A

qualitative (number of receptor molecules and ability of host cell to support virus replication)

38
Q

major steps of viral replication

A
  1. Binding/adhesion.
  2. Fusion and entry into the cell.
  3. Uncoating.
  4. Replication and gene expression.
  5. Assembly.
  6. Release.
  7. (Maturation).
39
Q

major sites of viral infections

A

EPITHELIA

  1. Respiratory epithelia. (Nasal, Oral, Lungs)
  2. Conjunctiva.
  3. Gastrointestinal tract epithelia.
  4. Vaginal mucosa.
40
Q

what are non-epithelial sites of viral infection

A

skin and blood

41
Q

what is on cell surface

A

plasma membrane includes carbs, proteins, and lipids

42
Q

how to virus binding ocur

A
  1. virion binding to host cell
  2. cellular target referred to as a receptor
  3. receptors may limit host-cell range and susceptibility
43
Q

what are virus binding targets

A
  • cellular proteins
  • specific and nonspecific lipids
  • specific and non specific carbs
44
Q

cellular mechanisms of extracellular uptake

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Endocytosis (Pinocytosis and Receptor-mediated endocytosis)
45
Q

how does virus fusion/entry occur

A
  1. fusion with plasma membrane (enveloped)
  2. endocytosis
  3. penetration thru membrane
46
Q

how does fusion with plasma membrane occur

A

receptor binding causes conformation change in envelop protein resulting in fusion with cell membrane

47
Q

how does endocytosis occur

A
  1. internalization into endosome
  2. pH changes causes conformation change in envelop protein and fusion with endosomal membrane and release into cytosol
48
Q

how does penetration thru plasma membrane occur

A
  1. Pore formation (injection) (Enteroviruses).
  2. Membrane perforation (Adenoviruses; Reoviruses).
49
Q

describe uncoating

A
  • poorly understood
    -initiated by cellular signals: receptor binding and pH change
50
Q

can partial to complete uncoating occur? explain

A

YES

Partial uncoating can be used in the formation of a virus replication complex.
Ex.= dsRNA Reoviruses

51
Q

what may involve release of factors to initiate replication and/or shut off host cell defenses

A

uncoating

52
Q

slide 21

A

23 Microbiology (7 decks)

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