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23 Microbiology > 34 - Virology > Flashcards

34 - Virology Flashcards

1
Q

why are viruses important for the patient

A
  1. infections of the mough
  2. cancers of the mouth
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2
Q

why are viruses important for the provider

A
  1. respiratory transmitted viruses
  2. orally transmitted viruses
  3. contact transmitted viruses
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3
Q

what is an obligate intracellular parasite that requires host cell metabolic processes and protein synthesis machinery

A

virus

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4
Q

what is the smallest known self-replicating organisms

A

virus

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5
Q

what is a RNA or DNA genome encased in a protein shell

A

virus

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6
Q

virus hosts

A

bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, plants, animals

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7
Q

size of viruses

A

human viral pathogens range from 20 nm (parvovirus) - 450 nm (poxvirus) in diameter

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8
Q

what does “virus” mean in latin

A

slimy liquid or poison

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9
Q

what is single virus particle

A

virion

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10
Q

what is RNA or DNA packaged within virion

A

genome

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11
Q

what is nuclei acid-protein assembly packaged within virion that is discrete substructure of the particle

A

nucleocapsid

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12
Q

what is protein shell surrounding the nucleic acid genome

A

capsid

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13
Q

what is the purpose of capsid

A

form stable protective shell for genome

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14
Q

what does capsid protect against

A

variations in temperature, pH, and chemical composition of the environment

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15
Q

what is nucleic acid surroundingn protein shell

A

core

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16
Q

what is viral protein layer associated with virion membrane

A

matrix

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17
Q

what is membrane surrounding virus core

A

envelope

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18
Q

types of DNA

A

Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)
Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)
Circular vs. linear.

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19
Q

types of RNA

A
  • single stranded RNA (ssRNA)
  • double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)
  • ambisence RNA
  • segmented vs. non-segmented
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20
Q

types of SSRNA

A
  • Positive Sense (+)= translatable RNA (same as mRNA)
  • Negative Sense (-)= RNA must be copied into (+) RNA prior to protein expression.
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21
Q

describe ambisence RNA

A

There are genes on both (+) and (-) sense RNAs

22
Q

what are reverse transcribing viruses

A

RNA viruses that convert to DNA during life cycle.

23
Q

what is a solid with 20 triangular faces and 12 vertices related by 2, 3, and 5 fold axes of symettery

A

icosahedron (soccer ball)

24
Q

what shape is the virus structure

A
  1. icosahedron
  2. helical
  3. ovoid/amorphous
  4. filamentous
  5. fullerene cone
25
what part of the virus is vital in transmission and its mechanism of infection
outer surface of a virus
26
___: A host cell-derived lipid bilayer carrying viral glycoproteins that forms the outer layer of a virus particle.
Envelope
27
advantages of envelope
Protective lipid membrane full of proteins and sugars can protect against chemicals and enzymes.
28
what are disadvantages of envelope
less stable in the environment
29
what viruses tend to be more stable in terms of viral membrane
non-enveloped viruses
30
how do most viruses acuire membrane
budding thru a host cell membrane (plasma membrane, ER, golgi, or nuclear membrane)
31
T/F: viral envelope proteins are post-translationally targeted to the appropriate membrane
tRUE
32
most viruses are limited to what
1. host 2. tissue 3. cell type
33
what is the host range of viruses
cells, tissues, species that a virus can productively infect
34
is host range an absolute measurement
yes
35
host cell range is determined by what
1. Host cell receptor availability for virus binding/entry 2. Presence of intracellular host cell factors to support virus replication
36
what is the capacity of a cell, tissue, or species to support virus replication
susceptibility
37
is susceptibility qualitative or quantitative
qualitative (number of receptor molecules and ability of host cell to support virus replication)
38
major steps of viral replication
1. Binding/adhesion. 2. Fusion and entry into the cell. 3. Uncoating. 4. Replication and gene expression. 5. Assembly. 6. Release. 7. (Maturation).
39
major sites of viral infections
EPITHELIA 1. Respiratory epithelia. (Nasal, Oral, Lungs) 2. Conjunctiva. 3. Gastrointestinal tract epithelia. 4. Vaginal mucosa.
40
what are non-epithelial sites of viral infection
skin and blood
41
what is on cell surface
plasma membrane includes carbs, proteins, and lipids
42
how to virus binding ocur
1. virion binding to host cell 2. cellular target referred to as a receptor 3. receptors may limit host-cell range and susceptibility
43
what are virus binding targets
- cellular proteins - specific and nonspecific lipids - specific and non specific carbs
44
cellular mechanisms of extracellular uptake
1. Phagocytosis 2. Endocytosis (Pinocytosis and Receptor-mediated endocytosis)
45
how does virus fusion/entry occur
1. fusion with plasma membrane (enveloped) 2. endocytosis 3. penetration thru membrane
46
how does fusion with plasma membrane occur
receptor binding causes conformation change in envelop protein resulting in fusion with cell membrane
47
how does endocytosis occur
1. internalization into endosome 2. pH changes causes conformation change in envelop protein and fusion with endosomal membrane and release into cytosol
48
how does penetration thru plasma membrane occur
1. Pore formation (injection) (Enteroviruses). 2. Membrane perforation (Adenoviruses; Reoviruses).
49
describe uncoating
- poorly understood -initiated by cellular signals: receptor binding and pH change
50
can partial to complete uncoating occur? explain
YES Partial uncoating can be used in the formation of a virus replication complex. Ex.= dsRNA Reoviruses
51
what may involve release of factors to initiate replication and/or shut off host cell defenses
uncoating
52
slide 21

23 Microbiology (7 decks)

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