3.6 Structure Of Protiens Flashcards
What molecules are peptides and polymers made up of
Amino acids
What do proteins consist of
One or more polypeptides arranged as complex macromolecules
What elements do all proteins contain
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen
What causes differences in the amino acids
R-groups
How does the synthesis of peptides take place
Amino acids join when the amine and carboxylic acid groups connected to the central carbon atoms react
How are peptide bonds formed
It is formed during a condensation reaction between amino acids hydroxyl in the carboxylic group of one amino acid and a hydrogen in the Amine group of another
What is the resulting compound of the synthesis of peptides
A dipeptide
What is formed when many amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds
A polypeptide
What are the levels of protein structure
Primary, secondary, tertiary
What is the primary structure
He sequence in which the amino acids are joined
How is the primary structure sequence directed
Directed by information carried with DNA
In the primary structure what do amino acids influence
They influence how the polypeptide folds to give the protein it’s final shape determining its function
What are the only bonds involved in the primary structure of a protein
Peptide bonds
What interacts in the secondary structure
The oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen atoms of the basic repeating structure interact
What other bonds may form within the amino acid
Secondary structure
Hydrogen bonds
What do the hydrogen bonds cause the structure to do
Secondary structure
Pull thee structure into a coil shape (alpha helix)
Other than within the amino acid chain, how/where may hydrogen bonds form
(Secondary structure)
Between two polypeptide chains which can lie parallel to each other
What is it called when polypeptide chains lie parallel to each other
(Secondary structure)
Beta pleated sheets
Summarise the secondary structure
The result of hydrogen bonding at regions along protein molecules depending on the amino acid sequences
What is the tertiary structure
The folding of a protein into its final shape
How does further folding of the protein occur
Tertiary structure
The coiling/folding of the structure brings R-groups close enough together to interact causing further folding to occur
What are the interactions that occur between the R-groups
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
Disulfade bonds
What do ionic bonds form between
Form between oppositely charged r groups
What are disulfide bonds
Covalent bonds and the strongest of the bonds that form only between r groups that contain sulfur atoms
Which are the weakest bonds in protein structures
Hydrogen bonds
Which are the strongest bonds in protein structures
Disulfide bonds
What is the quaternary structure
Results from the association of two or more individual proteins called subunits which interact the same way as the tertiary structure except they are between different protein molecules
In what environment are proteins assembled in the cytoplasm
Aqueous
What determines how the protein folds in the cytoplasm
Whether the r groups are hydrophilic or hydrophobic
How are peptides created
By amino acids linking together in condensation reactions to form peptide bonds
What are proteases
Enzymes that catalyse the reverse reaction, turning the peptides back into amino acids
What is used to break the peptide bond in a hydrolysis reaction
A water molecule
