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Biology Module 2 > 3.1 Biological Elements > Flashcards

3.1 Biological Elements Flashcards

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1
Q

What elements are all living things primarily made from

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

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2
Q

When does a covalent bond occur

A

When two atoms share a pair of electrons.

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3
Q

What is the basic rule of bonding for carbon

A

Carbon atoms can form 4 bonds with other atoms

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4
Q

What is the basic rule of bonding for nitrogen

A

Nitrogen atoms can form 3 bonds with other atoms

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5
Q

What is the basic rule of bonding for oxygen

A

Oxygen atoms can form bonds with 2 other atoms

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6
Q

What is the basic rule of bonding for hydrogen

A

Hydrogen atoms can only form one bond with another atom

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7
Q

What is an ion

A

An atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons

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8
Q

What is a cation

A

An atom or molecule that loses one or more electrons and therefore has a net positive charge

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9
Q

What is an anion

A

An atom or molecule that gains one or more electrons and therefore has a net positive charge

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10
Q

How does an ionic bond form

A

It forms when one atom in the pair loses an electron and the other atom gains it. These atoms then have opposite charges with the one having lost the electron being positive and the one having gained the electron being negative. These ions are then held together by the attraction of opposite charges.

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11
Q

What is the role of calcium ions (cation)

A

Nerve impulse transmission, muscle contractions

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12
Q

What is the role of sodium ions (cation)

A

Nerve impulse transmission, kidney function

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13
Q

What is the role of potassium ions (cation)

A

Nerve impulse transmission, stomatal opening

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14
Q

What is the role of hydrogen ions (cation)

A

Catalysis of reactions, pH determination

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15
Q

What is the role of ammonium ions (cation)

A

Production of nitrate ions by bacteria

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16
Q

What is the role of nitrate ions (anion)

A

Nitrogen supply to plants

17
Q

What is the role of hydrogen carbonate ions (anion)

A

Maintenance of blood pH

18
Q

What is the role of chloride ions (anion)

A

Balance positive charge of sodium and potassium ions in cells

19
Q

What is the role phosphate ions (anion)

A

Cell membrane formation, nucleic acid and ATP information, bone formation

20
Q

What is the role of hydroxide ions (anion)

A

Catalysis of reactions, pH determination

21
Q

What elements are present in a carbohydrate

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, usually in the ratio Cx(H20)x

22
Q

What elements are present in a lipid

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

23
Q

What elements are present in a protien

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur

24
Q

What elements are present in a nucleic acid

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous

25
Q

What is a polymer

A

Long chain molecules made by linking up monomers in a repeating pattern

26
Q

In carbohydrates what are the monomers

A

Sugars (saccharides)

27
Q

In protiens what are the monomers

A

Amino acids

28
Q

How do the hydrogen bonds in water form

A

Polar molecules interact with each other as the positive and negative regions of the molecule attract each other and form bonds called hydrogen bonds

29
Q

What are the characteristics of hydrogen bonds in water

A

They form in high numbers
Weak interactions which constantly break and reform
Gives water it’s unique characteristics which help to sustain life

30
Q

What are the characteristics of waters boiling point

A

Unusually high boiling point
Smaller than CO2 and O2 molecules and are lighter
Liquid at room temp and takes lots of energy to increase the temp and make it gaseous
Becomes less dense in solid state

31
Q

Why does water become less dense as a solid

A

Below 4 degrees hydrogen bonds fix the positions of the polar molecules slightly further apart than the average distance in the liquid state.

32
Q

What structure does freezing water produce

A

A giant, open, rigid structure, with each every oxygen atom at the centre of a tetrahedral arrangement of hydrogen atoms, resulting in ice being less dense that liquid water, which is why it floats

33
Q

What are the cohesive properties of water

A

It moves as one mass because the molecules are attracted to each other. Also water molecules are attracted to other materials

34
Q

Why is water being a polar molecule vital for life on earth

A

Water acts as a solvent that many solutes in an organism can be dissolved and many organisms consist largely of water. Water also acts as a medium ofr chemical reactions and also help transport dissolved compounds out of cells

Biology Module 2 (24 decks)

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