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Biology Mine > 3.5.2 Respiration > Flashcards

3.5.2 Respiration Flashcards

3.5.2 Respiration

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1
Q

what is it meant by the term phosphorlation

A

the addition of the phosphate group to a molecule

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2
Q

what are the two main types of phosporilation found in respiration

A

Oxidative phosphorylation – occurs during aerobic respiration where ATP is formed in the electron transport system. “Oxidative” refers to the energy of oxidation/reduction reactions, not oxygen gas.

normally done with the aid of channel or carrier proteins

Substrate level phosphorylation – the formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a reactive intermediate to ADP

normally done when ATP — ADP
normally does not require Pi as it is found on the substraite

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3
Q

what is respiration

A

A series of enzyme controlled reactions which produce chemical energy in the form of ATP from organic molecules (mainly glucose)

It can be done aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen)

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4
Q

give the general equation for respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + (energy)

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5
Q

what is the definition of a co-enzyme

A

Coenzymes bind with a specific enzyme or substrate, helping to catalyze a reaction. Coenzymes transfer a chemical group (like hydrogen) from one molecule to another.

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6
Q

waht are the three main co-enzymes in respiration and what do they do

A

NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
transfer hydrogen from one molecule to another (so can oxidise or reduce a molecule)

FAD (flavine adenine dinucleotide)
transfer hydrogen from one molecule to another

Coenzyme A
transfers acetate between molecules

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7
Q

what is it called when you remove a hydorgen

A

Dehydrogenation: The removal of hydrogen (using dehydrogenase enzymes). Can also therefore be called oxidation.

caould also say deprotonation

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8
Q

what is it called when you remove a carbon to form CO2

A

Decarboxylation: Removal of carbon (in the form of COOH, using decarboxylase enzymes) to form carbon dioxide

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9
Q

what are the four stages of respiration

A

glycolysis

the link reaction

krebs cycle

the electron transport chain

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10
Q

where does glycolysis take place , and why

A

Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm because the glucose is too large to pass through the outer membrane of the mitochondria

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11
Q

where does the link reaction take place

A

the matrix of mitochondria

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12
Q

draw out the glycolysis chain reaction and then list the steps

also list the compounds made during these steps

A

glucose —> glucose phosphate —> hexose biphosphate —> 2x triose phosphate —> 2x pyruvate

1) Glucose is phosphorylated using a phosphate from the hydrolysis of ATP (from a supply in the cytoplasm). giving 1 mol of ATD and one mole of Glucose phosphate

2) phosphorilation from ATP, making hexose biphosphate and ADP

3) lysis of hexose biphosphate making 2 x triose phosphate

4) two triose phosphate is dehydogenated forming two pyruvates

4)B) 2 NAD are then reduced forming reduced NAD , when triose phosphate —-> pyruvates

4)C) 4 ADP and Pi are substraite level phosporliated to produce 4 ATP

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13
Q

what is the net production of ATP in glycolysis

A

2

you make 4 but loose two to make those two

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14
Q

does glycolysis need oxygen

A

no it can be done during anerobically or arobically however is a anarobic PROCESS

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15
Q

draw out a mitochondria

A

https://studymind.co.uk/notes/the-structure-of-mitochondria/

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16
Q

can the link reaction be undergon in arobic respiration and anarobic respiration

A

no it can only be undergone during aerobic respiration

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17
Q

describe the stages of the link reaction

show the order of compounds made

A

pyruvate (3c)—> acetate(2c) —–> acetyle CoA (2c)

1) Pyruvate is decarboxylated (carbon removed) in the form of carbon dioxide One carbon is removed

while also reducing 1 NAD to reduced NAD (dehydrogenation)

the end product is acetate (2c)

2) acetate combinds with Coenzyme-A to produce acetyle CoA

remember 2 Acetyle CoA are made per glucose molecules

no ATP is made during this stage

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18
Q

where does the Krebs cycle take place

A

in the matrix of the mitochondria

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19
Q

what are the stages of the krebs cycle

A

acetyleCOa drops off CoA and combines with Oxaloacetate to produce citrate (6c)

Citrate –> decarboxilation (produces CO2) —-> NAD to reduced NAD —> decarboxilation (produces CO2) —-> NAD to reduced NAD —-> ADP +Pi goes to ATP —-> FAD to reduced FAD —-> NAD to reduced NAD —–> oxaloacetate

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20
Q

why is reduced FAD produced rather than reduced NAD

A

The amount of energy released in this part of the Kreb’s cycle is not enough to drive the reduction of NAD to NADH and so FAD is used.

Reduced FAD does not contain as much energy as reduced NAD.

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21
Q

what are the two processes of the electron transport chain

A

1) Electron Transport Chain
2) Chemiosmosis

22
Q

where does the electron transport chain take place

A

in the inner membraine of the mitocondria

23
Q

what are the steps of the electron transport chain

A

1) Hydrogen atoms are released from reduced NAD and reduced FAD. They become oxidised to NAD and FAD
The hydrogen atoms split into protons (H+) and electrons (e-)

2)The electrons move along the electron transport chain from one electron protein carrier to another in a series of redox reactions. which is made up of three electron carriers
They lose energy at each carrier

3) The energy that is lost as the electrons moved along the electron transport chain is used by electron carriers .
Electron carriers pump protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space

4) The concentration of protons is now higher in the intermembrane space than in the matrix
This forms an electrochemical gradient (a concentration gradient of ions)

5) Protons can now move down the electrochemical gradient back across the inner membrane and into the matrix
This happens via ATP synthase
This movement drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi)

6)Protons can now move down the electrochemical gradient back across the inner membrane and into the matrix
This happens via ATP synthase
This movement drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi)

24
Q

what is chemiosmosis

A

Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient. An important example is the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

25
Q

what is oxygen commonly refered to as in the electron transport chain and why

A

Oxygen is said to be the final electron acceptor

In the matrix, at the end of the transport chain, the protons, electrons and oxygen (from the blood) combine to form water

26
Q

what happens if you do not have any oxygen in the electron transport cahin

A

No oxygen? – FAD and NAD cannot be reoxidised and so cannot act as hydrogen carriers. Krebs cycle cannot operate.

27
Q

what two region does the electron transport chain take place

and also between where

A

the electron transport chain takes place between the inner mitochondrial membrane

it takes place in two regions called the matrix of the mitocondria and the innermembrane space of the mitocondria

28
Q

how can fats be used as respiratory substances

A

Triglyceride is made of glycerol and fatty acids

Glycerol is 3C which is phosphorylated and converted to triose phosphate which enters the glycolysis pathway and subsequently the Krebs cycle. The fatty acids are broken down to 2 C fragments which combine with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A.

29
Q

do fats produce a lot of ATP / energy

A

Fatty acid chains can be very long and so when hydrolysed they form many 2C fragments that can enter where acetyl coenzyme A enters.

The hydrogen atoms can be used to produce ATP during oxidative phosphorylation.

Hence Fats produce a great deal of ATP in respiration.

One gram of fat yields twice the energy of one gram of carbohydrate.

30
Q

how can proteins be used as respiratory products

A

In cases of starvation tissue proteins are hydrolysed to amino acids.

Amino acids are deaminated (have the amino group removed) by the liver (urea is formed and eliminated by the kidney)

The remainder of the molecule enter the respiratory pathway at different points depending on how many carbon atoms it contains.

If the amino acid is glycine, it will form a 2C compound and can be used where Acetyl CoA joins the Krebs cycle. There would be Hydrogen to give up in oxidation reactions.

3C compounds formed are converted to pyruvate.

4C & 5C compounds are converted to intermediates in the Kreb cycle

31
Q

when does anarobic respiration take place

A

when there is no oxygen

32
Q

what is the definition of anarobic respiration

A

Anaerobic respiration is the incomplete intracellular breakdown of glucose or other organic compounds in the absence of oxygen that releases energy.

33
Q

these questions are on alcoholic fermentation :
what organisums does this take place

A

This occurs in plants and funghi (yeast)

34
Q

these questions are on alcoholic fermentation :
when pyruvate goes to ethanal what happens to the pyruvate

A

it is being decarboxylated

35
Q

these questions are on alcoholic fermentation :
when ethal goes to ethanol what is happening to ethanl and what co-enzyme is being used

A

Ethanal is then reduced to form ethanol taking H from reduced NAD .
Oxidised NAD allows glycolysis to continue

36
Q

what are the featurs of alcoholic fermentation

A

This occurs in plants and funghi (yeast)

The pyruvate is being decarboxylated to form ethanal

Ethanal is then reduced to form ethanol taking H from reduced NAD .

Oxidised NAD allows glycolysis to continue

Small amounts of ATP can still be produced even without O2

Ethanol becomes toxic to yeast when it accumulates

37
Q

why is it bad for an acumilation of ethanol

A

can be toxic to yeast

38
Q

describe to process of alcohol fermentation

A

pyruvate goes to ethanal this is done by pyruvate being decarboxilised

ethanl goes to ethanol by being reduced as reduced NAD gives a hydrogen turning it into NAD

39
Q

what are the featurs of lacate fermentation
and the process

A

process : pyruvate is reduced to form lactate (lactic acid) in animals by accepting H from reduced NAD

Regenerated NAD means glycolysis can continue
Build up of lactate causes cramp

When O2 is available lactate is broken down in the liver and converted into glycogen.

The oxygen debt is the oxygen needed to break down the lactic acid built up (repaid by deep and rapid breathing).

happens in animals

40
Q

anarobic respiration plant vs animal
decaboxilation

A

platns:
yes

animals ;
NO

41
Q

anarobic respiration plant vs animal:
number of carbons atoms at end point

A

PLants :
2 carbons

animals :

3 carbons

42
Q

anarobic respiration plant vs animal:
dehydrogenation

A

PLANTS :
no

animals :
NO

43
Q

anarobic respiration plant vs animal
NAD regenerated

A

both NO

44
Q

anarobic respiration plant vs animal
is ethanal formed

A

plants :
yes

animals :
no

45
Q

anarobic respiration plant vs animal:
is lactic acid made ?

A

plants :

no

animals :
yes

46
Q

anarobic respiration plant vs animal
is ethanol made :

A

plants :
yes

animals :
no

47
Q

what is the significance of anaerobic respiration :

A

Ensures ATP production by glycolysis

Removes pyruvate so it does not build up and stop the process

Regenerates oxidised NAD from the reduced NAD produced to prevent it running out in anaerobic conditions (when oxygen is absent)

48
Q

how much ATP does each reduced NAD produce

A

2.5 ATP

49
Q

how much ATP does each reduced FAD produce

A

1.5

50
Q

what is the significance of anarobic respiration

A

esdures ATP production by glycolysis

removes pyruvate so it does not build up and stop the process
regenerates oxidised NAD from the reduced NAD produced to prevent it running out anarobic condition (when oxygen is absent)

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