#35. Age – related macular degeneration (AMD). Retinitis pigmentosa. Central serous retinopathy.

Question 1

What is AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION?

Answer 1

PROGRESSIVE Degeneration of the MACULA in ELDERLY Px

Question 2

What are the 2 STAGES in AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION?

Answer 2

1) EARLY STAGE
- Atrophy
- Proliferation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium

2) LATE STAGE
- Atrophy of Retinal Pigment Epithelium
- Serous Detachment of the Retina
- Haemorrhages
- Fibrous Scar

Question 3

What are the SYMPTOMS of AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION?

Answer 3

• GRADUAL LOSS of VISUAL ACUITY
• MACULAR OEDEMA
• Image DISTORTION

Question 4

What is the DIAGNOSIS of AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION?

Answer 4

OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION

• Can DISTINGUISH 2 Separate Stages

Question 5

What is the DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS of AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION?

Answer 5

• Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
• Malignant Melanoma

Question 6

What is the TREATMENT for AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION?

Answer 6

• LASER THERAPY = In the EXUDATIVE Stage
• VISION AIDS = Hand Magnifier / Binocular Magnifier

Question 7

What is the PROGNOSIS of AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION?

Answer 7

• Is a CHRONIC Condition
• Lead to PROGRESSIVE LOSS of Visual Acuity

Question 8

What is RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA?

Answer 8

• HETEROGENOUS Group of RETINAL Disorders, leading to a LOSS of:

a. Visual Acuity
b. Visual Field
c. Night Blindness

Question 9

What are the FORMS of RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA?

Answer 9

1) ROD-CONE Dystrophy
2) CONE-ROD Dystrophy

3) SECTORAL Retinitis Pigmentosa

4) UNILATERAL Retinitis Pigmentosa

Question 10

What is the CAUSE of RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA?

Answer 10

INHERITANCE

• Autosomal RECESSIVE = 60%
• Autosomal DOMINANT = 25%
• X-Linked = 15%
  a. Mutation in Chromosomes 3 & 6

Question 11

What is CENTRAL SEROUS RETINOPATHY?

Answer 11

• Disease characterised by LOCALISED DETACHMENT of the SENSORY RETINA at the MACULA
• Occurs at the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM

Question 12

What is the CAUSE of CENTRAL SEROUS RETINOPATHY?

Answer 12

• Angiospasm
• Hyperpermeability

Question 13

What are the SYMPTOMS of CENTRAL SEROUS RETINOPATHY?

Answer 13

• TRANSIENT / SUDDEN Impairment of CENTRAL Vision or Visual Acuity
• BLACK PATCH in front of the Px Eyes

Question 14

What is the DIAGNOSIS of CENTRAL SEROUS RETINOPATHY?

Answer 14

FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY

• Reveals LEAKAGE of DYE through a DEFECT in the BRUCH’s MEMBRANE INTO the SUBRETINAL Space

2 Patterns are seen:
a. Ink-Blot Pattern
b. Smoke-Stack Pattern