#35

Question 1

Mullerian and Wolffian ducts

Answer 1

connected to the undifferentiated gonads.
Mullerian= female
Wolffian=male

Question 2

What ducts develop if testosterone is present? What happens if MIH is present?

Answer 2

wolffian ducts develop

mullerian ducts regress

Question 3

explain how the genetic sex is determined

Answer 3

Depends on if sperm has X or Y chromosome

Question 4

How is the gonadal sex determined?

Answer 4

If there is Y chromosome, sex determinig region of Y (SRY) codes for production of testis determining faactor (TDF). TDF directs differentiation of gonads into testes. If no Y chromosome is present, no TDF and undiffereniated gonads develop into ovaries

Question 5

how is male phenotypic sex determined?

Answer 5

testes secrete testosterone and mullerian inhibiting factor

Question 6

what does testosterone do in determining phenotypic sex?

Answer 6

transforms wolffian ducts into male reprodctive tract (internal)

also converted to Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) which promotes development of external genitalia

Question 7

how is female phenotypic sex determined?

Answer 7

no testosterone or mullerian inhibiting factor secreted, so wolffian ducts are degenerated. Mullerian ducts develop into female reproductive tract (absense of mullerian inhibiting factor) and external genitalia (absense of testosterone)

Question 8

hermaphroditism

Answer 8

ovarian and testicular tissue is present

Question 9

Pseudohermaphroditism

Answer 9

individual has ovaries or testes, but accessory sex organs or external genitalia are not appropriate for their chromosomal sex

Question 10

female pseudohermaphroditism

Answer 10

chromosomal female with male external genitalia (congenital adrenal hyperplasia)

Question 11

male pseudohermaphroditism

Answer 11

chromosomal male with female genitalia (5-alpha reductase deficiency, androgen insensitivity or lack of testosterone receptors)

Question 12

congenital adrenal hyperplasia- why does it happen?

Answer 12

cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone, bet there is an enzyme (21-hydroxylase) defficiency. So, the pregnenolone is converted to DHEA which is converted to adrenal androgens, leading to precocious puberty in males and ambiguous sex development in females

Question 13

symptoms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 13

enlarged clitoris from genital tubercle, fusion of labiosrotal swellings to form “scrotum”

Question 14

5 alpha reductase

Answer 14

converts testosterone into DHT

Question 15

testosterone derrived

Answer 15

epididymus, vas deferens, seminal vesicles

Question 16

DHT derrived

Answer 16

urethra, prostate, scrotum, penis

Question 17

genital tubercle and urogenital folds become

Answer 17

penis

Question 18

labioscrotal swellings become

Answer 18

scrotum

Question 19

what pulls the testes down into the scrotum?

Answer 19

gubernaculum

Question 20

lack of 5 alpha reductase can lead to

Answer 20

scrotal hernia, urethra doesn’t form and instead comes out from a hole in the scrotum

Question 21

in females, genital tubercle becomes the

Answer 21

clitoris

Question 22

in females, urogenital folds become the

Answer 22

labia minora

Question 23

in females, labioscrotal swellings become the

Answer 23

labia majora

Question 24

if a genetic male is lacking 5 alpha reductase, what would be their

genetic sex
gonadal sex
phenotypic sex (external)
Phenotypic sex (internal)

Answer 24

genetic- male
gonadal- male
external- female
internal-male

Question 25

androgen receptor

Answer 25

receptor for testosterone that eventually leads to protein production

Question 26

what if a genetic male is lacking receptors for testosterone?

genetic sex?
gonadal?
phenotypic external?
internal?

Answer 26

genetic- male
gonadal- male
external- female
internal- neither

will have testes in the labia and a closed vagina