#34 Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

5 types of leukocytes

Answer 1

neutrophils: phagocytosis

Eosinophils: parasite destructionand allergic reactions

Basophils: histamine and heparin release, allergic reactions

Monocytes: transform into macrophages, phagocytosis

Lymphocytes: B cells secrete antibodies, T cells destroy virus infected and mutant cells (cell mediated immunity)

Question 2

what is adaptive immunity?

Answer 2

organism adapts to defend against specific invaders for long-term protection

Question 3

Innate immunity defenses

Answer 3

inflammation, interferon, natural killer cells, complement system

Question 4

adaptive immunity defenses

Answer 4

antibody mediated immunity

cell mediated immunity

Question 5

antigen

Answer 5

foreign substance, components of viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, etc

Question 6

epitope

Answer 6

unique region on antigen

Question 7

antibody

Answer 7

protein molecules produces by B-lymphocytes in response to antigens

Question 8

How are B cells and T cells made?

Answer 8

B: bone marrow lymphocytes produce B (antibody mediated response)

T; bone marrow lymphocytes signal the thymus to make T cells. (cell-mediated response)

Question 9

antibody synthesis (clonal selection theory)

Answer 9

millions of different B cells generated throughout fetal development

Each line of clones has cell surface receptors against certain antigens

clones lie dormant until their antigen enters the system

Question 10

Why do bone marrow transplants work?

Answer 10

cells of immune system are able to recognize system proteins and don’t form antibodies against them.

Development of immune cells in your own bone marrow tests the cell to recognize your own antigens- cells that develop antigens against ones self undergo apoptosis and never make it outside the marrow.

Question 11

Activated B cells differentiate into

Answer 11

plasma cells and memory cells

Question 12

antibody structure

Answer 12

two heavy chains and two light chains bound by disulfide bonds in a Y shape. Variable regions at the ends of the Y for its specific antigen.

Question 13

IgM antibody

Answer 13

most common class of antibody produced in primary response to antigen

Neutralizes, agglutinates antigen and activates complement

Question 14

IgD antibody

Answer 14

important as an antigen receptor on B cells

neutralizes antigen and agglutinates

Question 15

IgG

Answer 15

most common class of antibody in blood, major class of antibody produces in secondary responses. Crosses the placenta and is passed on to the fetus

neutralizes antigen, agglutinates antigen, activates complement, opsonizes antigen, enhances NK cell activity

Question 16

IgE

Answer 16

involved in allergies such as hay fever

neutralizes antigen, agglutinates antigen, binds to mast cells and basophils, causing them to release histamine

Question 17

IgA

Answer 17

crosses epithelial cells, so it present on mucosal surfaces and in breast milk, is important in immunity in newborns

neutralizes antigen, agglutinates antigen

Question 18

role of antibodies

Answer 18

neutralization
agglutination
osponization
complement activation
enhancement of NK cells

Question 19

neutralization

Answer 19

poisons are made non-toxic

Question 20

infliximab

Answer 20

sequestration and inhibition of tumor necrosis facator alpha (TNFa)

Question 21

agglutination

Answer 21

clumping together of cells joined by antibodies

Question 22

opsonization

Answer 22

bacteria/virus made more prone to phagocytosis

Question 23

antibody activation of complement system

Answer 23

innactive C1 binds to antigen attached antibody

Question 24

Primary and secondary immune responses

Answer 24

primary immune response (first time you see the antigen) is slow and not maximal.

Second time you see it, because you already have so many antibodies the response is increased and fast af

Question 25

how do vaccinations work?

Answer 25

dead pathogens injected

body mounts an immune response, buildup of memory cells

when exposure to real pathogen occurs, immune response is so fast and powerful little to no symptoms occur

Question 26

small pox caused by

Answer 26

variola virus

Question 27

why did the spanish flu kill the younger, healthier generation?

Answer 27

the older generations had been exposed to the russian flu and so they had antibodies built up, memory cells

Question 28

cell mediated immunity

Answer 28

involves production of activated T lymphocytes, directly attack unwanted cells

Question 29

cytoxic T cells

Answer 29

destroy cancer and virus infected cells via direct contact. Have specific receptor on plasma membrane. Only work when complexed to MHC (major histocompatibility complex I)

once activated, go under mitosis producing army of t cells specific for cancer or virus.

Question 30

helper T cells

Answer 30

enhance activity of cytotoxic c cells and macrophages by secreting cytokines

use MHC II

uses IL2 to form cytoxic T cells from B cells

Question 31

how do killer cells, NK cells, and T cells attack?

Answer 31

bind to target cell, fuse with membrane. Put perforin into intracellular space. Perforin change from spherical to cylindrical shape and insert into cell membrane, which lets salt and water enter, causing cells to burst

Question 32

HIV

Answer 32

attacks helper T cells and allows infections. Patient dies from infections and cancers normally easily combatted by immune system

Question 33

autoimmunity

Answer 33

immune system fails to recognize and tolerate self-antigens. ANtibodies formed against ones own tissues or proteins

Question 34

allergy

Answer 34

innapropriate increase in antibodies against normallyh harmless environmental substances