#31

Question 1

what is the most common class of hormone?

Answer 1

peptide hormones: chains of amino acids

Question 2

Examples of peptide hormones

Answer 2

pituitary hormones, angiotensin, insulin, glucagon, IGF-1, PTH

Question 3

Examples of amino acid hormones

Answer 3

epinephrine, thyroid hormones

Question 4

examples of steroid hormones

Answer 4

adrenal cortical hormones, sex hormones

Question 5

How are steroid and thyroid hormones transported?

Answer 5

carrier proteins in the blood

Question 6

how are peptide hormones transported?

Answer 6

directly in the blood

Question 7

How do steroid and thyroid hormones exert their effects on the cell?

Answer 7

Bind to nuclear receptors that bind to DNA and regulate gene transcription

Response is altered protein expression that results in a response

Question 8

How do peptide hormones and catecholamines exert their effects?

Answer 8

bind to cell surface receptors

Receptor binding triggers signal transduction pathways that activate or deactivate enzymes, open channels, etc

Question 9

Exocrine function of the pancreas

Answer 9

digestive enzymes

Question 10

endocrine function of the pancreas

Answer 10

insulin and glucagon and somatostatin

Question 11

Gluconeogenisis

Answer 11

making new glucose, primarily from lactate

Question 12

glycogenisis

Answer 12

formation of new glycogen

Question 13

glycogenolysis

Answer 13

breakdown of glycogen

Question 14

glucagon secretion increases

Answer 14

gluconeogenisis, glycogenolysis, lipolysys, plasma fatty acids, ketogenisis, protein degradation

Question 15

Glucagon signaling

Answer 15

g protein linked receptor, PKA phosphorylates other proteins

Question 16

How does glucose enter the cell?

Answer 16

requires glucose transporters

Question 17

plasma glucose increases

Answer 17

insulin secretion, glucose uptake into cells, glycogen synthesis, triglyceride synthesis, amino acid transport into cells, protein synthesis

Question 18

how is insulin released? (7 steps)

Answer 18

1. Glucose is in high concentration outside of the cells and moves in via facilitated diffusion (glut 2)
2. Glucose is converted to pyruvate through glycolysis
3. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs
4. ATP acts as a ligand and closes ATP selective K+ channels, blocking K+ movement outside of the cell
5. BLocked K causes depolarization
6. Depolarization opens voltage gated Ca channels
7. Calcium triggers release of insulin by exocytosis

Question 19

Insulin mediated glucose uptake

Answer 19

insulin binds to receptor
Binds to IRS1 which eventually binds to AKT
AKT phosphorylates AS160, which then binds to 14-3-3 to innactivate it. When AS160 is active, it has a RABGAP domain that is a GTPase. When GTP binds to GLUT 4, RABGAP gtpase innactivates GLUT 4 by turning GTP to GDP. When GLUT 4 retains GDP it can bind to membrane and open

Question 20

factors controlling insulin secretion

Answer 20

blood glucose concentrations, gastrointestinal hormones, blood amino acid concentration

Question 21

why is excessive blood glucose so bad for you?

Answer 21

forms reactive oxygen species which damages pretty much everything in your body

Question 22

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 22

elevated fasting blood glucose

Question 23

type 1 diabetes

Answer 23

autoimmune destruction of B cells

Insulin deficiency

patient must take insulin

Question 24

Type II diabetes

Answer 24

90% of diabetics

insulin resistance

insulin secretion compensates for insensitivity, then deficiency occurs in the later stages

Question 25

insulin deficiency can lead to

Answer 25

polyurea, polydipsia, ketosis, muscle wasting

Question 26

ketoacidosis is primarily in type ___ diabetes

Answer 26

1

Question 27

long term diabetic complications

Answer 27

atherosclerosis, renal failure, retinopathy (blindness), neropathy, foot ulcers

Question 28

treatments for diabetes

Answer 28

regular exercise, dietary changes (complex carbs, few refined sugars, fewer simple carbs, more water)

insulin sensitizers

Dialysis, amputation,

Question 29

High fructose corn syrup

Answer 29

caused diabetes spike in 1977?

Question 30

In the study, what caused the greatest reduction in diabetes?

Answer 30

exercise and weight loss