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BIOL 112 > 3.4 translation > Flashcards

3.4 translation Flashcards

1
Q

rRNA aminoacyl synthetases

A
  • enzymes that bind AA to correct tRNA molecules
  • are “translators” of the code
  • one enzyme for each AA

undergo base pairing with the corresponding codon
○ Directly responsible for actually translating the codon sequence in a nucleic acid to a specific amino acid in a polypeptide chain

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2
Q

charged tRNA

A

tRNA with amino acid

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3
Q

process to charge tRNA

A
  1. aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (enzyme) binding to a specific amino acid
  2. it then transfers the amino acid to the appropriate tRNA molecule

each AA has a specific aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

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4
Q

ribosomal subunits

A

large and small
○ Each composed of 1-3 types of ribsomal RNA and 20-50 types of ribosomal protein

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5
Q

what does rRNA do

A

is in ribosome!

is what catalyses the peptide bond

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6
Q

translation in EUKARYOTES

A

initiation in eukaryotes is at the 5’ cap, and the first AUG is the start codon
monocistronic mRNA (code for just one polypeptide)

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7
Q

translation in BACTERIA

A

polycistronic mRNA

Initiates at any Shine-Dalgarno sequence

can code for several polypeptide

multiple start and stop codons!!

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8
Q

polycistronic mRNA

A

multiple protein-coding genes on the same RNA

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9
Q

how does the ribosome bind to the 5’ cap?

A

through rRNA and amino acid interactions

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10
Q

how does the ribosome bind to the Ribosome-Binding_Site

A

a sequence of rRNA is complementary (Base pairs) to the sequence of RBS)

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11
Q

initiation factors

A

imitation factors recruit the small ribosomal subunit and tRNAmet and scan the mRNA for an AUG codon

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12
Q

initiation of translation in eukaryotes

A

when the complex reaches an AUG, the large ribosomal subunit joins, the imitation factors are related, and a tRNA complementary to the next codon binds to the A site

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13
Q

codon

A

set of 3 adjacent AA which code for an amino acid

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14
Q

reading frame

A

the first codon read determines how each subsequent codon is read

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15
Q

why do we call the genetic code redundant or degenerate?

A

because many AA are specified by multiple codons (wobble effect!!)

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16
Q

three phases of translation

A
  1. initiation - AUG recognized and Met established as the first AA
  2. Elongation - AA are added to the peptide
  3. Termination - stop codon is reached, no new aa is added, and polypeptide is released from the ribosome
17
Q

how do ribosomes move in translation

A
  • 5’ to 3’
  • ribosome moves down one codon
  • puts the tRNA carrying the polypeptide into the P site and the now uncharged tRNA into the E site, where it is ejected
  • new tRNA complementary to the next codon binds to the A site
18
Q

wobble effect

A

bases in the 3rd position (3’ side of the codon on the RNA) do not require as much specificity to bind

19
Q

directions that proteins are built

A

N – C

20
Q

Elongation

A

polypeptide transfers to the AA on the tRNA in the A site

21
Q

how fast can bacteria translate

A

~20 a second wowwwwww

22
Q

how does the ribosome recognize the correct tRNA?

A
  • it doesn’t!!
  • charged tRNAs are floating around the cytosol and diffuse in and out of the A site
  • the ribosome has to “try” out each one – if the anti-codon matches the codon, it stays
  • large amount of ribosomes carrying out translation at any time
23
Q

large subunit of ribosome binding sites

A

A (aminoacyl) site
P (peptidyl) site
E (exit) site

24
Q

Anticodon

A

three nucleotides that undergo base pairing with the corresponding codon
on tRNA

25
Q

Open reading frame

A

uninterrupted stretch of nucleotides that make up codons that code for amino acids

26
Q

elongation factors

A

proteins that obtain energy for Ribosome movement along the mRNA and the formation of the peptide bonds
found to GTP molecules
Break their high-energy bonds to provide energy for the elongation of the polypeptide

27
Q

process of translation in eukaryotes

A

one group of initaiton factors binds ot the 5’ cap that is added to the mRNA during processing
○ Recruit a small subunit of the ribosome!!
○ Other initiation factors bring up tRNA charged with Met
○ Theeennnn moves along the mRNA until it find the first AUG
§ Position establishes the trnaslational reading frame
○ Large ribosomal subunit joins the complex!!
§ Initiation factors are released
§ Next tRNA is ready to join baybee

28
Q

process of translation in prokaryotes

A
  • mRNA molecules have no 5’ cap
  • Initiation process is formed at one or more internal sequences present in the mNRA known as a shine-dalgarno sequence
  • Ability to intitate translation internally allows projaryotic mRNAs to code for more than one protein
29
Q

shine-dalgarno sequence

A

where initiation process is formed in the mRNA for prokaryotes

BIOL 112 (25 decks)

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