(3.4) Pharmacotherapy of MS Flashcards
What is dissemination in time (DIT)?
- Time between evidence of new lesions in subsequent MRIs (30 days)
- Damage that has happened more than once
What is dissemination in space (DIS)?
- Need for >1 T2 lesions appearing in at least 2 of 4 MS typical CNS regions (cortical, periventricular, infratentorial, spinal cord)
- Damage that is in more than once place
What is clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)?
- Descriptor of a first demyelinating event involving the optic nerve, cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, or spinal cord
- Most will develop MS within 20 years
What is relapsing remitting MS (RRMS)?
Consists of relapses w partial or complete remission between relapses
- Most will become progressive type over time
What % of diagnoses is RRMS?
80-90%
What is secondary progressive MS (SPMS)?
About 80% of RRMS pts will progress to SPMS, consisting of fewer relapses w continuing disability
What is primary progressive MS (PPMS)?
Progressive form from onset w minor improvements or periods of stability
What % of pts have PPMS?
10-15%
How common is PPMS?
More common in pts diagnosed in later years (>50 years of age)
What is progressive relapsing MS (PRMS)?
Steadily worsening disease from onset w later, clear, acute relapses
Is there recovery and remission from PRMS?
May be some recovery from acute attacks, but no remission between relapses
How common is PRMS?
PRMS is the least common form (about 5% of diagnoses)
What is the first line tx of acute attacks?
High dose corticosteroid tx; oral or IV based on inpt or outpt setting
What is the inpatient setting corticosteroid given for tx of acute attacks?
Methylprednisolone 500-1000mg IV daily for 3-7 days, w or without an oral taper over 1-3 weeks
What is the outpatient setting corticosteroid given for tx of acute attacks?
Oral prednisone 1250mg every other day x5 doses w/o need for taper
What is another option for tx of acute attacks?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (H.P. Achtar) or plasma exchange
Patients w optic neuritis should receive what acute attacks tx?
IV methylprednisolone
What causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)?
Reactivation of dormant John Cunningham Virus (JCV)
MS patients must be tested for what and why?
Patients must be tested for JCV antibodies to check for PML
What type of vaccines are preferred for pts w MS?
Inactivated vaccines
Which type of vaccines are not recommended in MS pts and why?
Live, attenuated vaccines are not recommended bc the ability to cause the disease is weakened, but not eliminated
What MS medication do you NEVER use together w live virus vaccines?
Alemtuzumab
Which vaccine should be considered by MS pts who have never had chicken pox?
Varicella vaccines, especially if they may start a MS medication that suppresses cell-mediated immunity (like fingolimod, alemtuzumab)
What are important counseling tips of dimethyl fumarate, diroximel fumarate, and monomethyl fumarate’s dosage form?
- The capsule SHOULD NOT be opened and sprinkled on food
- Do not chew or crush
What should be monitored when using dimethyl fumarate, diroximel fumarate, and monomethyl fumarate?
- Monitor LFTs (Hepatotoxicity)
- Monitor CBC w differential (neutropenia)
What is associated with dimethyl fumarate, diroximel fumarate, and monomethyl fumarate?
Associated w PML
What is a common SE of dimethyl fumarate, diroximel fumarate, and monomethyl fumarate and how can it be relieved?
- Can cause flushing
- May take aspirin 30 minutes prior to dose to reduce risk of it happening
What medications are in the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators?
Fingolimod, ozanimod, ponesimod, siponimod