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PHRM 845 > (3.1) Pathophysiology of CNS disorders > Flashcards

(3.1) Pathophysiology of CNS disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What does the hindbrain consist of?

A
  • Medulla
  • Pons, cerebellum
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2
Q

What does the midbrain consist of?

A

Substantia nigra

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3
Q

What does the forebrain consist of?

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Basal ganglia: striatum (caudate & putamen), globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus
  • Limbic system: hippocampus, amygdala
  • Diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus
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4
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A
  • Autonomic fxs
  • Includes centers for controlling respirations, cardiac fxs, vasomotor responses, reflexes (like coughing)
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5
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A
  • The ‘bridge’
  • Relays signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum
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6
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A
  • The ‘little brain’
  • Governs motor coordination for producing smooth mvnts
  • Undergoes neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxias
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7
Q

What are the substructures of the substantia nigra?

A
  • SN pars compacta
  • SN pars reticulata
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8
Q

What are the functions of the SN pars compacta?

A
  • Provides input to basal ganglia, supplies dopamine to the striatum
  • Involved in voluntary motor control (‘mvnt w intention’) and some cognitive fxs (e.g. spatial learning)
  • Undergoes neurodegeneration in PD
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9
Q

What are the functions of SN pars reticulata?

A
  • Has output function
  • Relays signals from the basal ganglia to thalamus
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10
Q

What is the function of the cortex (cerebrum)?

A

Involved in processing and interpreting information

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11
Q

What are the functions of basal ganglia?

A

Voluntary motor control, some cognitive functions

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12
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system?

A
  • Amgydala: emotions
  • Hippocampus: memory
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13
Q

What are the functions of the diencephalon?

A
  • Thalamus: ‘relay station’ to and from the cortex
  • Hypothalamus: regulates internal homeostasis, emotions, hormonal control (through pituitary gland) and direct neural regulation
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14
Q

Which part of the brain is involved in decision making, higher level functions?

A

The cortex

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15
Q

Once our senses receive info about the environment, what is the order that this info is passed through?

A

Through the thalamus, to the cortex, and back

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16
Q

Where in the cortex are decisions made about incoming sensory info?

A

In the cortico-thalamic loops

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17
Q

What can damage to the cortex do?

A

Can affect mvnt, speech, personality

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18
Q

What disease is considered a disease of the frontal cortex?

A

Schizophrenia

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19
Q

Brain structures figure will be on exam. Memorize.

A
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20
Q

Name the types of glial cells.

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia

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21
Q

What is the role of astroyctes?

A
  • Provide neurons with growth factors, antioxidants
  • Remove excess glutamate (excitotoxic neurotransmitter)
  • Support the BBB
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22
Q

What is the role of oligodendrocytes?

A

Produce myelin sheath that insulates axons

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23
Q

What is the role of microglia?

A
  • Provide growth factors
  • Clear debris (e.g. myelin debris) by phagocytosis
  • Role in neuroinflammation
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24
Q

What is the BBB stabilized by?

A

By tight junctions in the endothelial cell layer of blood vessels in the brain

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25
Q

Neurotransmission involves a release of what?

A

Release of synaptic vesicles from boutons into the synaptic gap (cleft)

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26
Q

What is neurotransmission triggered by?

A

Triggered by electrical depolarization of the neurons (influx of Na ions that changes the charge polarity of membrane)

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27
Q

Basic neuron structure

A
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28
Q

How long does action potentials last?

A

0.2-0.5 msec

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29
Q

What is refractory period?

A

Period after action potential (hyperpolarized phase) during which a neuron will not fire again

30
Q

What is the magnitude of action potentials for a single neuron?

A

Always of the same magnitude (all or none)

31
Q

What is the action potential current carried by?

A

Carried by a nerve fiber (bundle of axons)

32
Q

The current carried by a nerve fiber is greater as a result of what?

A

Due to summation

33
Q

What induces EPSPs?

A

Excitatory neurotransmitters

34
Q

What is the definition of EPSP?

A

Excitatory postsynpatic potential (subthreshold depolarization peak)

35
Q

Where does the excitatory neurotransmitter act on and what does it cause?

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter acts on an inotropic receptor, allowing Na ions to cross the membrane

36
Q

What will an increase in the strength of the stimulus do?

A

It will increase the magnitude of the depolarization, so that the threshold depolarization to trigger an action potential is achieved

37
Q

What induces IPSPs?

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

38
Q

What is the definition of IPSP?

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

39
Q

What does inhibitory neurotransmitter induce?

A

Induces hyperpolarization by allowing Cl ions to cross the membrane

40
Q

How can IPSP affect EPSP?

A

IPSP can decrease the magnitude of a subsequent EPSP

41
Q

Neurotransmitter figure. Memorize.

A
42
Q

Generally, how do drugs act in the CNS?

A

Drugs act in the CNS by modulating synaptic neurotransmission

43
Q

Which are the common amino acid neurotransmitters?

A
  • GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)
  • Glycine
  • Glutamate
44
Q

What is GABA?

A

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

45
Q

What does GABA do?

A

Depresses neuronal excitability by increasing the flux of Cl ions into the neuron

46
Q

What are the types of GABA receptors?

A

GABA-A and GABA-B receptors

47
Q

What are the general drugs that interact with GABA pathways?

A

Generally CNS depressants and includes: sedative hypnotics (benzodiazepines, barbiturates), anticonvulsants, anxiolytics

48
Q

What is glycine?

A

Similar to GABA, but acts in the spinal cord

49
Q

What can an excess of GABA cause?

A
  • Epilepsy
  • Spasticity
  • Addiction/alcohol
50
Q

What is glutamate?

A

A major excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in the brain

51
Q

What can excess glutamate lead to?

A

Neuronal damage by allowing excessive Ca influx into the neuron

52
Q

What can glutamate cause?

A
  • Epilepsy
  • Schizophrenia
53
Q

What are the common non-amino acid neurotransmitters?

A
  • ACh
  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Serotonin; 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
54
Q

What are examples of drugs targeting ACh form of neurotransmission?

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g. Aricept, used to tx Alzheimer’s disease)

55
Q

What can ACh cause?

A
  • Cognitive function/decline
  • Nicotine dependence
  • Movement disorders
56
Q

Where does ACh transmission mainly happen?

A
  • Basal forebrain
  • Pons
  • Cortex
  • Basal ganglia
57
Q

Where does dopamine transmission mainly happen?

A

Midbrain (substantia nigra, pars compacta, ventral tegmental area)

58
Q

What are effects of dopamine imbalance?

A
  • Schizophrenia
  • PD
  • Addiction
  • Depression
  • ADHD
59
Q

What drugs affecting dopamine transmission can produce euphoria and lead to addiction?

A

Drugs that block DAT and thus increase extracellular dopamine (e.g. amphetamine or cocaine)

60
Q

What is involved in schizophrenia regarding dopamine transmission specifically?

A

Excessive dopaminergic signaling

61
Q

What is responsible for PD regarding dopamine transmission specifically?

A

Loss of dopamine neurons in the SN

62
Q

What drugs interact with DA pathways?

A
  • Antipsychotics (D2 receptor antagonists)
  • D2/D3 and D1 receptor agonists for PD
63
Q

Where does norepinephrine transmission mainly happen?

A

Pons (locus coeruleus)

64
Q

What are used to treat depression regarding norepinephrine specifically?

A

NET inhibitors

65
Q

What can norepinephrine cause?

A
  • Memory
  • Depression
  • Addiction
  • Pain
66
Q

Where does serotonin transmission mainly happen?

A

Midbrain/pons (raphe nuclei)

67
Q

What can serotonin cause?

A
  • Depression
  • Mood disorders/anxiety
  • Schizophrenia
68
Q

Where do 5-HT axons arise from?

A

From a group of cell bodies called the raphe nuclei

69
Q

What are serotonin systems involved with?

A

Sleep, vigilance, mood, and sexual function

70
Q

What are the drugs that interact w 5-HT receptors?

A
  • 5-HT2A antagonists as atypical antipsychotics
  • 5-HT1D agonists for migraine
  • SERT uptake inhibitors for depression
  • 5-HT2A agonists are hallucinogenic (e.g. LSD)

PHRM 845 (48 decks)

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