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Biology > 3.4 inheritance > Flashcards

3.4 inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

gametes: haploid or diploid?

A

haploid; only one allele of each gene

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2
Q

3 types of alleles

A

dominant, recessive, co-dominant

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3
Q

phenotype

A

the expression of alleles of a gene

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4
Q

genotype

A

the combination of alleles of a gene

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5
Q

homozygous dominant

A

having 2 copies of the same dominant allele

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6
Q

homozygous recessive

A

having 2 copies of the recessive allele; recessive alleles are only expressed when homozygous

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7
Q

codominant

A

pairs of alleles which are both expressed when present

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8
Q

heterozygous

A

having 2 diff alleles; the dominant allele is expressed

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9
Q

carrier

A

heterozygous carrier of a disease-causing allele

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10
Q

Mendel’s 3 laws

A
  1. the law of segregation
  2. the law of independent assortment
  3. the law of dominance
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11
Q

law of segregation

A

Each inherited trait is defined by a pair of alleles. Parental genes are randomly separated to the sex cells so that sex cells contain only one allele for that gene. Offspring therefore inherit one genetic allele from each parent when sex cells unite in fertilization

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12
Q

law of independent assortment

A

Genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another so that the inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of another.

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13
Q

law of dominance

A

An organism with alternate forms of a gene (alleles) will express the form that is dominan

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14
Q

test cross

A

If an individual shows a dominant phenotype, their genotype is not always clear. They could be Yy (heterozygous) or YY (homozygous). In order to determine the genotype of the dominant individual, they are crossed with a recessive individual

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15
Q

3 types of dominance

A
  1. complete dominance (one allele masks the other)
  2. incomplete dominance (both phenotypes are blended)
  3. co-dominance (both alleles are expressed equally)
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16
Q

codominance example

A

chicken feathering; black chicken + white chicken -> speckled chicken

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17
Q

inheritance of ABO blood groups: chromosome

A

9

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18
Q

blood type alleles

A

A allele = Iᴬ B allele = Iᴮ O allele = i (recessive)

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19
Q

example of co-dominant alleles

A

A and B alleles (blood)

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20
Q

genotypes of blood type A

A

IᴬIᴬ or Iᴬi

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21
Q

genotypes of blood type B

A

IᴮIᴮ or Iᴮi

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22
Q

genotype of blood type AB

A

IᴬIᴮ

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23
Q

genotype of blood type O

A

ii

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24
Q

why do humans produce antibodies for antigens?

A

to protect the body from foreign antigens

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25
Q

antibodies

A

Y-shaped proteins found in the blood plasma

26
Q

what do antibodies do?

A

target specific antigens and mark that cell for destruction by the immune system (hemolysis)

27
Q

why are some blood types not compatible with each other?

A

Antibodies for foreign blood types exist in the plasma

28
Q

blood type: universal recipient

A

type AB

29
Q

blood type: universal donor

A

type O

30
Q

what type of blood can type A receive or not receive?

A
  • cannot have B or AB blood
  • can have A or O blood
31
Q

what type of blood can type B receive or not receive?

A
  • cannot have A or AB blood
  • can have B or O blood
32
Q

what type of blood can type AB receive or not receive?

A

can have any type of blood

33
Q

what type of blood can type O receive or not receive?

A
  • can only have O blood
34
Q

agglutination

A

clumping

35
Q

what happens in an incompatible blood transfusion?

A

surface antigens + opposing antibodies -> agglutination -> haemolysis

36
Q

Rhesus factor

A

blood types can be + or -

37
Q

Rh+

A

have D-antigen on red blood cell but no anti-D antibodies

38
Q

Rh-

A

have no D-antigens but do produce anti-D antibodies

39
Q

chi-square test

A

compares two variables to see if they are independent or not. In a more general sense, it tests to see whether distributions of categorical variables differ from each other

40
Q

what does a very small chi square test statistic mean?

A

observed data fits your expected data extremely well. In other words, there is a relationship

41
Q

what does a very large chi square test statistic mean?

A

the data does not fit very well. In other words, there isn’t a relationship

42
Q

how to draw a pedigree chart

A

square = male
circle = female
shaded = affected
unshaded = unaffected

43
Q

how are genetic diseases caused?

A

Caused when an gene (or genes) mutates and alters cell function.

44
Q

autosomal

A

a specific gene is not on a sex chromosome and is a numbered chromosome

45
Q

autosomal recessive

A

two copies of the allele must be present (dd). Heterozygous individuals do not develop symptoms

46
Q

example of autosomal recessive genetic disease

A

cystic fibrosis
- gene found on 7th chromosome pair
- Patients produce mucous that is unusually thick and sticky. It clogs airways and digestive secretory ducts (such as in the liver and pancreas)

47
Q

autosomal dominant

A

one copy of the allele will result in symptoms (Dd, or DD)

48
Q

example of an autosomal dominant genetic disease

A

Huntington’s disease

49
Q

codominant genetic disease

A

one copy of the allele will result in symptoms. However, a heterozygous individual (cᴰ cᵈ) will have less severe symptoms than a homozygous individual (cᵈcᵈ)

50
Q

example of a codominant genetic disease

A

sickle cell anemia

51
Q

huntington’s disease

A
  • Affects the HTT gene on chromosome 4
  • The individual has a 50% chance of passing the trait to his/her children
  • Symptoms include spasmodic movements, loss of coordination, and dementia
  • symptoms present ~40 years old
52
Q

how is the mutated gene of huntington’s diseasese

A

The normal HTT gene has a repeated nucleotide sequence CAG. It does not repeat frequently. The mutated gene has many CAG repeats which alters the structure of the proteins and causes it to damage cells in the brain

53
Q

sex-linked genetic disease

A

the gene is located on a sex chromosome (X or Y). Because it is larger, it is more likely that the disease causing gene is located on the X chromosome (we call these X-linked)

54
Q

examples of sex-linked genetic diseases

A

Haemophilia
Colour blindness

55
Q

3 steps to deduce the patterns of inheritance of genetic diseases

A
  1. do unaffected parents have affected offspring? (y: recessive; n: dominant)
  2. are both sexes affected? (y: autosomal; n: sex-linked)
  3. do affected males have affected sons? (y: y-linked; n: x-linked)
56
Q

what do radiation and mutagenic chemicals do?

A

increase the mutation rate and can cause genetic diseases and cancer

57
Q

mutation

A

change in the sequence of DNA that may consequently alter the structure and function of a protein.

58
Q

2 types of mutations

A

spontaneous (occur during DNA replication) or induced (caused by a mutagen)

59
Q

examples of mutagens

A

Radiation (X-rays, UV waves, gamma radiation)
Chemical
Biological (bacteria / viruses)

60
Q

effects of chronic (long-term) exposure to radiation

A
  • Benign or malignant tumours. A strong correlation exists between exposure and the development of cancer.
  • Health risks to fetuses (cancer, mental retardation, retarded growth, microcephaly, death)
  • Organ damage (Cataracts, cirrhosis)
  • Leukemia/Immune deficiency - reduced T-cells resulting in increased risk of infection.

Biology (37 decks)

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