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Biology > 2.3 carbohydrates & lipids > Flashcards

2.3 carbohydrates & lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

metabolism

A

The sum of all the enzyme catalyzed reactions in an organism or cell

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2
Q

examples of metabolism

A

Cellular respiration, photosynthesis

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3
Q

Catabolism

A

The breaking down of complex molecules to form simple one

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4
Q

anabolism

A

The formation of complex molecules from simple ones

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5
Q

condensation

A

An anabolic reaction. The -OH group of one molecule reacts with the -H of another molecule to form a bond. Water is created.

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6
Q

example of condensation reaction

A

Glucose + glucose → maltose + water

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7
Q

hydrolysis

A

The use of water to break a bond between two molecules.

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8
Q

example of hydrolysis

A

Sucrose + water → glucose + fructose

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9
Q

enzyme

A

A protein that catalyzes (increases rate of) chemical reactions.

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10
Q

examples of enzyme

A

RuBisCo, catalase

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11
Q

what makes a molecule organic?

A

Organic molecules are molecules that are made of carbon and hydrogen -> must contain carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen atoms (C-H bonds).

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12
Q

what organic molecules make up all life?

A

Carbon based, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids

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13
Q

theory of vitalism

A

There was a vital force unique to living organisms. Molecules that made up life (organic molecules) could not be made from inorganic molecules.

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14
Q

How did Wohler disprove the theory of vitalism?

A

He accidentally created urea, an organic compound in the lab from ammonium cyanate.

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15
Q

How did Wohler’s discovery disprove vitalism?

A

Organic compounds are not fundamentally different from other molecules. They are made of the same atoms found on Earth.

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16
Q

formula for pentose

A

C5(H2O)5

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17
Q

what does -ose imply?

A

it is a sugar

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18
Q

formula for hexose

A

C6(H2O)6

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19
Q

formula for heptose

A

C7(H2O)7

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20
Q

formula for octose

A

C8(H2O)8

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21
Q

what type of sugar is ribose?

A

a 5C pentose

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22
Q

draw a ribose molecule

A

see p. 152

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23
Q

what type of sugar is glucose?

A

a 6C hexose

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24
Q

draw a glucose molecule

A

see p. 152

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25
Q

3 types of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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26
Q

main function of monosaccharides

A

an immediate energy source for cells

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27
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, galactose and fructose
(gives good flavor)

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28
Q

main function of disaccharides

A

small enough to be soluble in water and commonly function as a transport form

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29
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

lactose, maltose and sucrose
(let me sleep)

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30
Q

main function of polysaccharides

A

may be used for energy storage or cell structure, and also play a role in cell recognition

31
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

cellulose, glycogen and starch
(can get stored)

32
Q

how are monosaccharide monomers are linked together to form disaccharides and polysaccharide polymers?

A

via condensation reactions

33
Q

draw the formation of a disaccharide

A

see p. 153

34
Q

glycogenolysis

A

During periods of fasting, glycogen in your liver will be broken down. This will increase your blood glucose levels allowing for normal cell function.
Glycogen + water → Glucose (many)

35
Q

Draw a saturated fatty acid which is at least 4 carbons long.

A

see p. 153

36
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid: number of double bonds

A

0

37
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid: state at room temperature

A

solid

38
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid: # of hydrogens

A

most

39
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid: total energy

A

most

40
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid: melting point

A

highest

41
Q

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid: number of double bonds

A

1

42
Q

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid: state at room temperature

A

liquid

43
Q

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid: # of hydrogens

A

fewer

44
Q

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid: total energy

A

less

45
Q

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid: melting point

A

low

46
Q

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: # of double bonds

A

2+

47
Q

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: state at room temperature

A

liquid

48
Q

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: # of hydrogens

A

fewest

49
Q

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: total energy

A

least

50
Q

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: melting point

A

low

51
Q

fatty acids

A

long hydrocarbon chains that are found in certain types of lipids (triglycerides & phospholipids)

51
Q

how is the structure of saturated fatty acids?

A

linear

52
Q

how is the structure of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

bent

53
Q

what are the 2 structural configurations of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

cis and trans isomers

54
Q

cis isomers

A

The hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon double bond are on the same side

55
Q

trans isomers

A

The hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon double bond are on different sides

56
Q

how are trans fatty acids typically produced?

A

by an industrial process called hydrogenation

57
Q

shape of trans isomers

A

straight

58
Q

draw a cis fatty acid

A

see p. 155

59
Q

draw a trans fatty acid

A

see p. 155

60
Q

largest class of lipids

A

triglycerides

61
Q

primary function of triglycerides

A

long-term energy storage

62
Q

how do animals tend to store triglycerides?

A

as fats (solid)

63
Q

how do plants plants tend to store triglycerides?

A

as oils (liquid)

64
Q

contrasts carbs + lipids: Digestion & Availability

A

carbs: Easily digested and short term availability
lipids: long term

65
Q

contrasts carbs + lipids: Transport & Solubility

A

carbs: Soluble in water - transported in blood
lipids: Insoluble in water - transported as lipoproteins

66
Q

contrasts carbs + lipids: energy storage

A

carbs: Small yield of energy
lipids: 4x more energy

67
Q

contrasts carbs + lipids: Effect on Osmolarity

A

carbs: Affects osmosis (water balance)
lipids: No affect on osmosis (water balance)

68
Q

how is an ester linkage formed?

A

The hydroxyl groups of glycerol combine with the carboxyl groups of the fatty acids

69
Q

cellulose

A
  • a structural polysaccharide that is found in the cell wall of plants
  • a linear molecule composed of β-glucose subunits (bound in a 1-4 arrangement)
70
Q

starch

A
  • an energy storage polysaccharide found in plants
  • composed of α-glucose subunits (bound in a 1-4 arrangement) and exists in one of two forms – amylose or amylopectin
71
Q

diffs b/w amylose & amylopectin

A
  • Amylose is a linear (helical) molecule while amylopectin is branched (contains additional 1-6 linkages)
  • Amylose is harder to digest and less soluble, however, as it takes up less space, is the preferred storage form in plants
72
Q

glycogen

A
  • an energy storage polysaccharide formed in the liver in animals
  • composed of α-glucose subunits linked together by both 1-4 linkages and 1-6 linkages (branching)

Biology (37 decks)

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