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Biology > 2.2 water > Flashcards

2.2 water Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A weak intermolecular force between two polar molecules. The oxygen in one water molecule hydrogen bonds with the hydrogen of another water molecule

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2
Q

Intermolecular force

A

An attraction between two molecules

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3
Q

Energy (Joules)

A

Allows for work (ex: heat and kinetic energy)

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4
Q

Boiling point

A

The temperature at which liquid becomes a gas (100 degrees C in water)

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5
Q

Melting point

A

The temperature a solid becomes a liquid (0 degrees C in water)

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6
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

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7
Q

Latent heat of vaporization

A

The amount of energy needed to evaporate a substance at its boiling point

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8
Q

Evaporation

A

Liquid to gas

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9
Q

Solvent

A

A substance that dissolves another substance

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10
Q

Solubility

A

Having the ability to dissolve

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11
Q

Cohesion

A

Attraction between two molecules of the same kind

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12
Q

Adhesion

A

Attraction between two different molecules or surfaces

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13
Q

Covalent bonds

A

When they share electrons (ex: oxygen and hydrogen share electrons)

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14
Q

What is electron-greedy? (Electronegative)

A

When an element has a high affinity for electrons so it tends to pull electrons towards its nucleus (like oxygen)

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15
Q

Is hyrdogen electron-greedy?

A

No, it only has one proton in its nucleus so it doesn’t hold electrons very well

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16
Q

What symbol represents being negatively or positively charged?

A

Delta

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17
Q

What is polar molecule called?

A

A dipole

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18
Q

Up to how many h-bonds can a water molecule form?

A

4

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19
Q

What can a positively charged hydrogen atom form an h-bond with?

A

A negatively charged fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom of another molecule

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20
Q

Why does water have high surface tension?

A

Bc it sticks to itself (it’s cohesive)

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21
Q

Why does water have a high heat capacity?

A

Bc it takes a lot of energy to break a hydrogen bond and cause the water molecules to start evaporating

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22
Q

What must happen before a change if state can occur?

A

Hydrogen bonds must be broken

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23
Q

Why is water an excellent medium for living organisms?

A

It is slow to change temperature and thus supports the maintenance of constant conditions

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24
Q

Water vs Methane

A
  • Water is polar
  • can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds
  • hydrogen bonds b/w molecules absorb heat energy, reducing kinetic energy
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25
Q

Methane vs water

A
  • methane is non-polar
  • can only form weak dispersion forces b/w its molecules
  • bc it has no h-bonds, heat creates more kinetic energy
26
Q

What is the average energy of a hydrogen bond?

A

20 kJ/mol

27
Q

Water vs. methane: Which has a higher melting + boiling point?

A

Water

28
Q

Water vs. methane: Which has a higher specific heat capacity?

A

Water

29
Q

Water vs. methane: Which has a higher heat if vaporization?

A

Water

30
Q

Water vs. methane: Which has a higher heat of fusion?

A

Water

31
Q

Process of sweating

A
  1. When you get hot, the heat excites the water molecules on your skin so much that it breaks the hydrogen bonds
  2. The sweat evaporates and takes away the heat
32
Q

How does cohesion allow bugs and the Basilisk lizard to walk on its surface?

A

The high surface tension of water makes it sufficiently dense for certain smaller organisms to move along its surface

33
Q

What has the highest cohesion of any non-metallic liquid?

A

Water

34
Q

What is the significance of adhesion?

A

Water can move via capillary action

35
Q

Capillary action

A

Attraction to charged or polar substances (e.g. glass) allows water to flow against gravity

36
Q

How does capillary action relate to plants?

A

Water is transported up the xylem via transpiration

37
Q

What can water dissolve?

A

Any substance that contains charged particles (ions) or electronegative atoms (polar)

38
Q

Hydrophilic substances

A
  • Substances that dissolve in water
  • all polar molecules and ions
39
Q

How do hydrophilic substances dissolve?

A

Their polarity is stronger than the cohesive forces of the water, so they break the H-bonds. The water will then form H-bonds around the polar substance

40
Q

Significance of water’s solvent property

A

Water is a good transport medium (e.g. the blood system can transport soluble materials in its plasma)

41
Q

Water soluble substances

A
  • NaCl
  • oxygen (in low amounts)
  • many hydroxyl groups
  • amino acids (in ionized state)
42
Q

Hydrophobic substances

A
  • large, non-polar substances (such as fats and oils)
  • cannot penetrate the strong cohesive forces or water
  • do no dissolve
43
Q

How do lipids travel through the bloodstream?

A

They form complexes with proteins (making lipoproteins)

44
Q

Which is more dense: solid or liquid (water)?

A

Liquid is more dense

45
Q

Significance of water density

A

Ice floats on water -> prevents oceans from freezing as ice layer prevents exposure to cold temperatures

46
Q

Significance of water’s transparency

A

Aquatic plants can undergo photosynthesis

47
Q

freezing point

A

the temperature at which a liquid solidifies (0°C for water).

48
Q

hydrophilic

A

molecules capable of interacting with water through hydrogen bonding (having an affinity for water).

49
Q

hydrophobic

A

molecules that lack an affinity for water (water insoluble).

50
Q

methane

A

a light, colourless gas (CH4).

51
Q

polarity

A

property of having distinct and opposite charges (poles).

52
Q

surface tension (of water)

A

the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between molecules of water at the surface.

53
Q

transparency

A

property that allows light to penetrate molecules of water.

54
Q

draw a hydrogen molecule

A

see p. 171

55
Q

draw a hydrogen bond

A

see p.171

56
Q

how does sodium chloride travel in the blood?

A

ionic compound dissolving in water carried in the blood’s plasma.

57
Q

how do amino acids travel in the blood?

A

negative and positive charges. Soluble in water but their solubility depends on the R group, being hydrophilic or hydrophobic. All are carried in the blood plasma.

58
Q

how does glucose travel in the blood?

A

polar molecule. Freely soluble in water and is dissolved in blood plasma.

59
Q

how does oxygen travel in the blood?

A

nonpolar molecule. Dissolves in water sparingly and can be saturated. Hemoglobin has been developed to bind with
oxygen and increase the capacity of blood to transport oxygen.

60
Q

blood plasma

A

the liquid component of blood and is composed of water which contains proteins, ions, and dissolved nutrients.

61
Q

chemical formula of urea

A

CO(NH₂)₂

Biology (37 decks)

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