Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology year 1 > 3.3.3.2 Absorption of the Products of Digestion > Flashcards

3.3.3.2 Absorption of the Products of Digestion Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the diagram show?

A

Active transport of molecules by a carrier protein against a concentration gradient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens to triglycerides which have been reformed in the endoplasmic reticulum of epithelial cells lining the ileum?

A

They are associated with cholesterol and lipoproteins to form chylomicrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the diagram show?

A

Simple diffusion through a cell membrane from a high to low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diffusion and facilitated diffusion are both passive processed. What is meant by this?

A

They do not require ATP (energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Identify the label on the diagram and the type of transport that take place.

A

Glucose carrier protein

Facilitated diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum in lipid absorption?

A
  • An organelle in the epithelial cells lining the ileum where monoglyerides and fatty acids are recombined to make triglycerides.
  • Triglycerides begin to associate with cholesterol and lipoproteins here also.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why does having many capillaries optimise absorption in the ileum?

A

Nutrients absorbed in the blood are carried away quickly which maintains the concentration gradient between the ileum and the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Identify the label on the diagram.

A

A capillary within a villus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the diagram show?

A

The path taken by glucose/amino acids through the epithelial cells of the ileum and into the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Identify the label on the diagram and the type of transport that take place.

A

Sodium-Glucose co-transport carrier protein

Facillitated diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define active transport

A

the movement of molecules or ions into or out of a cell from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using ATP (energy) and carrier proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the diagram show?

A

Facilitated diffusion via a carrier protein from a high to low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to the chylomicrons that are produced in the epithelial cells lining the ileum?

A

They exit the cells via exocytosis and enter the lymphatic system via lacteals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is happening at stage 3 in the diagram?

A

Glucose is moving into the blood stream via facilitated diffusion through a carrier protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are villi adapted to optimise absorption of nutrients?

A
  • They increase the surface area for diffusion
  • Very thin walls so less diffusion distance to the blood.
  • Many blood capillaries- blood can carry nutrients away and maintain diffusion gradients.
  • Epithelial cell lining contains microvilli increasing surface area for absorption further.
  • They contain muscle so can move contents of the ileum to maintain concentration gradients.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is happening at stage 2 in the diagram?

A
  • Sodium ions are moving into the epithelial cell through a cotransport carrier protein via facilitated diffusion.
  • A glucose molecule is carried through the cotransport carrier protein by the sodium ion (still facilitated diffusion)
  • The sodium ion moves down a concentration gradient
  • Glucose moves against its concentration gradient.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a lacteal?

A

A lymphatic capillary that is found in the centre of each villus of the small intestine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the process of active transport.

A
  • Molecule or ion binds to carrier protein.
  • ATP binds to carrier protein, gives a phosphate and ADP is released.
  • Carrier protein changes shape and moves molecule to opposite side of membrane.
  • Phosphate is released from carrier protein and protein reverts back to start position.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Identify the label on the diagram and the type of transport that take place.

A

Sodium-Potassium Pump (carrier protein)

Active Transport

20
Q

What is a protein channel?

A

A protein that spans a cell membrane and will only allow specific molecules to pass through. Involved in facilitated diffusion.

21
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A
  • Diffusion of molecules or ions aided by carrier proteins or protein channels.
  • Does NOT use ATP (energy),
22
Q

Name the products of digestion

A

Monosaccharides

Amino Acids

Monoglycerides

Fatty Acids

23
Q

Where are the products of digestion absorbed?

A

Ileum (small intestine)

24
Q

Which other product of digesiton is absorbed into the blood via the same method as glucose?

A

Amino acids

25
Q

How is the ileum adapted to carry out the process of absorption of nutrients?

A

Its wall contains many villi, which greatly increases the area for nutrient absorption

26
Q

How does the thin wall of the ileum help to optimise absorption?

A

Less distance for nutrients to diffuse across before reaching the blood.

27
Q

What does the diagram show?

A

Facillitate diffusion via a channel protein from high to low concentration

28
Q

What happens to monoglycerides and fatty acids after they have entered the epithelial cells lining the ileum?

A

They are transported to the endoplasmic reticulum where they are recombined into triglycerides.

29
Q

Micelles are created by an asociation between bile salts and triglycerides. After lipase has acted on micelles of triglyceride we are left with…

A

Micelles of monoglycerides and fatty acids (still asociated with bile salts)

30
Q

How do monoglycerides and fatty acids enter the epithelial cells lining the ileum?

A

Simple diffusion

31
Q

Bile salts emulsify fatty acids into smaller structures called…

A

micelles

32
Q

Define diffusion

A

the net movement of molecules or ions from a region where they are highly concentrated to a region where they are less concentrated until evenly distributed.

33
Q

By what process is glucose absorbed from the ileum and into the blood?

A

Facilitated diffusion

Co-transport (indirect active transport)

34
Q

Why can monoglycerides and fatty acids enter the epithelial cells of the ileum via simple diffusion?

A

Because they are non polar molecules so can bypass the non polar fatty acid section of the cell membrane.

35
Q

What is happening at stage 1 in the diagram?

A
  • Sodium ions are actively transported out of the epithelial cell by a sodium-potassium pump.
  • Potassium ions are actively transported into the cell.
  • This creates a lower sodium ion concentration in the epithelial cell than in the ileum.
36
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus in lipid absorption?

A

An organelle in the epithelial cells lining the ileum where triglycerides association with cholesterol and lipoproteins takes place.

37
Q

What is meant by a chylomicron?

A

A triglyceride associated with cholesterol and a lipoprotein which aids lipid transport into the lymphatic system.

38
Q

What happens to chylomicrons when they enter the lymphatic system?

A

They are hydrolysed by an enzyme and enter the blood

39
Q

What is a carrier protein?

A
  • A protein spanning a cell membrane that specific molecules or ions bind to, which causes the protein to change shape and carry the molecule onto the other side of the membrane.
  • Involved in facilitated diffusion and active transport.
40
Q

How do fatty acids and glycerol molecules enter the intestinal epithetial cell?

A

Diffusion

41
Q

Explain the advantage of lipid droplet and micelle formation

A

droplets increase SA for enzyme action so FASTER hydrolysis

micelle formation carries FA and glycerol through the intestinal membrane

42
Q

How is the golgi involved in the absorption of lipids?

A

modifies triglycerides

adds protein on/.forms lipoproteins

packages them for their release

/forms vesciles

43
Q

what reducing sugar, or sugars, would you expect to be produced during chewing? give a reason for your answer?

A
  • maltose
  • salivary amylase
  • salivary amylase hydrolyses starch
44
Q

in the human gut, what other enzyme is required for the complete digestion of starch?

A

maltase

45
Q

in the controlled experiments, cooked wheat was chopped up to copy the effect of chewing.

suggest a more appropriate control experiment. explain your suggestion?

A
  • add boiled saliva
  • everything will be the same apart from salivary amylase which will be denatured

biology year 1 (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions