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biology year 1 > 3.2.2 - Mitosis and Cell Cycle > Flashcards

3.2.2 - Mitosis and Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase (cytokinesis)

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2
Q

What does the diagram show?

A

Anaphase

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3
Q

Cancer is caused by uncontrolled mitosis. How do most cancer drugs work?

A
  1. Preventing DNA replication/
  2. Inhibiting metaphase stage of mitosis by interfering with spindle formation.
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4
Q

What happens during prophase?

A
  • chromosomes condense (get short and fat)
  • nuclear membrane breaks down
  • centrioles move to opposite poles
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5
Q

What does the diagram show?

A

Telophase (leading to cytokinesis)

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6
Q

Describe the process of bacterial binary fission

A
  • circular loop of dna replicates
  • move to opposite ends of cell
  • plasmids replicate
  • cytoplams divides to = 2 identical daughter cells
  • each has single copy of circular dna
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7
Q

What does the diagram show?

A

Metaphase

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8
Q

When would mitosis not result in 2 identical daughter cells?

A

If there was a mutation (very rare)

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9
Q

Gametes (eggs and sperm) are haploid cells. What is meant by this?

A

They contain only 1 set of unparied chromosomes.

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10
Q

What is mitosis important for?

A
  • Growth
  • Repair of damaged cells.
  • Reproduction (single celled organisms)
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11
Q

Describe what happens when a virus replicates.

A
  • attachment protein binds to complementary receptor protein on host
  • attachment protein specific to host receptor protein
  • viruses inject genetic material
  • hijacks host cells - uses host cells machinery/organelles
  • to reproduce new viruses
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12
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A
  • double chromosomes line up on equator
  • spindle forms
  • spindle attaches to centromere
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13
Q

What is the product of mitosis?

A

2 daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell and each other.

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14
Q

What does the diagram show?

A

Prophase

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15
Q

The regular cycle of division separated by periods of cell growth is called…

A

the cell cycle

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16
Q

How much of a single cell cycle is spent in interphase?

A

approximately 90%

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17
Q

Bacterial cells replicate in a similar way to mitosis. What do we call their method of replication?

A

Binary Fission

18
Q

The rate of mitosis is controlled by…

A
  1. The environment of the cell
  2. ‘Growth factors’.
  3. Two genes.
19
Q

What happens during telophase?

A
  • nuclear membrane reforms
  • cytokinesis (cytoplams divides)
20
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

Nuclear division

Division of cyctoplasm (cytokinesis)

21
Q

How can we remember the order of the stages of mitosis?

A
  • Prophase - (Preparation - condensing and spindle formation)
  • Metaphase - (Middle - chromosomes lined up along middle of cell)
  • Anaphase - (Action - chromatids pulled apart)
  • Telophase - (Two - two new cells after division)
22
Q

How long does a mammalian cell to undergo 1 complete cell cycle?

A

24 hours

23
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A
  • centromeres split
  • chromatids pulled to opposite poles
24
Q

When a chromosome (DNA) replicates, the new stand is initially joined to the old at a place called the…

A

centromere.

25
Q

What are the advantages of reproducing via mitosis?

A

Only 1 parent required.

Beneficial qualities are more likely to be passed on to offspring.

26
Q

A zygote is a diploid cell. What is meant by this?

A

A cell containing 2 complete sets of chromosomes (one from each parent)

27
Q

What are the disadvantages of reproducing by mitosis?

A

Less variation in offspring.

Reduced ability to adapt to changing environment.

28
Q

What does the diagram show?

A

Interphase

29
Q

Describe a cell that is in interphase

A

Cell is actively synthesising proteins

DNA replication

Chromosomes are invisible

30
Q

why do you take cells from the root tip when studying mitosis?

A

Region where mitosis/cell division occurs;

31
Q

When when studying mitosis do you firmly squash the root tip?

A

To allow light through / make tissue layer thin;

32
Q

A cell under goes mitosis, the first division takes 24 hours and each subsequent one takes 8hours, how many cells are there after 3 days?

A

128

33
Q

How can you tell a cell has just under gone DNA replication?

A

Chromosomes are visiable as X shaped structures - 2 sister chromatids joined by a centromere

34
Q

During a root tip experiment why do we use the first 5mm of the root tip?

A

where the cells are under going mitosis

35
Q

during a root tip experiment why do we press firmly down on the cover slip?

A

make it single layer of cells SO light can pass through

36
Q

when counting cells during a root tip experiment - how can we be sure the mitotic index we calculate is accurate?

A

Look at many cells

to ensure it is representative

37
Q

when growing bacteria, equipment must be sterile before use - suggest a way of sterilising equipment and why this is important?

A

boil in water/autoclave/wash in disinfectant

to kill bateria thay may contaminate

38
Q

give two pieces of evidence of a cell that is undergoing mitosis? EXPLAIN your answer

A
  • formation of sister chromatids BECAUSE DNA has replicated
  • individual chromosomes visible BECAUSE condensed
39
Q

a dark stain is used on chromosomes and binds more to some areas of the chromosomes than others, giving the chromosomes a striped appearance.

suggest ways in which the structure of the chromosome could differ along its length to result in the stain binding more in some areas?

A
  • difference in base sequence
  • difference in histones
  • difference in condensation
40
Q

how would you calculate the percentage of cells in which chromosomes are visible and would consist of a pair of chromatids together?

A
  • find no. of cells in prophase and metaphase & ADD together
  • divide by total
  • x by 100
41
Q

in an investigation, a different set of results were obtained when the count was repeated on another occasion with a different garlic root tip.

give 2 reasons for the difference in results?

A
  • genetic differences
  • different day

biology year 1 (45 decks)

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