3.1.6 Energy and ATP Flashcards
Why is glucose not a good immediate energy source for a cell?
- Stable so energy is released slowly.
- Large amount of energy released - difficult to manage.
- Many reactions required to release energy.
If an inorganic phosphate molecule is added to ADP from a donor molecule we call this…
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
What is the equation for respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)
ATP + Water –> ?
ATP + Water –> ADP + Pi + Energy
ADP + Pi + Energy –> ?
ADP + Pi + Energy –> ATP + Water
Which enzyme is required to catalyse the hydrolysis of ATP?
ATP Hydrolase (ATPase)
What is the function of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)?
To provide the energy to carry out processes in cells.
Describe the bond that holds the outer phosphate group on an ATP molecule.
Weak
Unstable
Easily broken
When a inorganic phosphate molecule is added to another molecule we call it…
phosphorylation
What are the components of an ATP nucleotide?
Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphates
If an inorganic phosphate molecule is added to ADP during respiration we call this…
Oxidative Phosphorylation
What type of reaction is: ATP + Water –> ADP + Pi + Energy
Hydrolysis Reaction
What are the components of an ADP nucleotide?
Adenine
Ribose
2 Phosphates
Where is the energy in ATP released from?
The bonds between phosphate molecules
What does AMP stand for?
Adenosine Monophosphate
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
How is ATP suited to its function as an immediate source of energy for a cell?
- It’s instability means energy can be released quickly.
- ATP is rapidly reformed from ADP.
- Small amount of energy released so easy to manage.
- Only a single hydrolysis reaction tak place for energy release.
Energy from respiration takes the form of what?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
What does ADP stand for?
Adenosine Diphosphate
Can ATP be stored in the body?
No - it is rapidly used so the body must constantly reform it.
If an inorganic phosphate molecule is added to ADP during photosynthesis we call this…
Photophosphorylation
What type of reaction is: ADP + Pi + Energy –> ATP + Water
Condensation Reaction
Which energy requiring process does the body use ATP for?
- Metabolic processes - making polypeptides form amino acids.
- Movement - muscle contraction.
- Active Transport - changing the shape of carrier proteins in cell membranes to move molecules against concentration gradients.
- Secretion - to form lysosomes so cells can secrete.
- Activation of Molecules - Phosphates from ATP can be used to phosphorylate other molecules to activate them.
Which enzyme is required to catalyse the condensation reaction of ADP + Inorganic phosphate into ATP?
ATP Synthase
What doe Pi stand for?
Inorganic phosphate molecule
How is ATP resynthesised in cells?
from ADP and phosphate
using ATP synthase
during respiration
Give 2 ways the hydrolysis of ATP is used in cells?
- to provide energy for other reactions
- to add a phosphate onto molecules - making them more reactive
Give 2 ways ATP is suitable energy source for cells to use?
- Releases relatively small amount of energy / little energy lost as heat;
- Releases energy instantaneously;
- Phosphorylates other compounds, making them more reactive;
- Can be rapidly re-synthesised;
- Is not lost from/does not leave cells;
state and explain a property of water that can help it buffer temp changes
- high specific heat capacity
- can gain or lose a lot of heat without changing temp
- takes a lot of heat to change the temp
name 2 products of ATP hydrolysis
adenosine diphosphate and phosphate (ADP)
humans synthesise more than their body mass of ATP each day. explain why it is necessary for them to synthesise such a large amount of ATP?
- ATP unstable
- ATP cannot be stored
- ATP only releases small amounts of energy at a time
explain the importance of the hydrolysis reaction of ATP?
- can be coupled to energy-requiring reactions in cells
- yields energy for metabolic reactions
enzyme-catalysed reactions activated by ATR only occur if the substrates have been phosporylated.
use your knowledge of energy change in enzyme-catalysed reactions to suggest why?
phosphorylation makes substrates more reactive
sometimes a mutagenic agent causes dna to break. a different enzyme called ATM binds to the broken dna. this leads to the activation of a protein coded for by a tumour suppressor gene. the effect of ATM binding is to stop cell division until DNA is repaired.
a mutation could result in a person having non-functional forms of the gene that produces ATM.
what can you predict about the possible effects of having a non-functional form of ATM?
- ATM wont bind to broken dna
- dna not repaired
- cell division continues
when ATR phosphorylates other enzymes, these enzymes become able to bind to their substrates.
use your knowledge of enzyme structure to suggest why?
- changes tertiary structure of enzyme
- enzymes active site formed
- ATP cannot be stored
- ATP only rel small amounts of energy at a time
