3.1.2.2 Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides to Polysaccharides Flashcards by Zahra Tariq 12D

Name a structural polysaccharide

Cellulose (plant cell walls)

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What happens during hydrolysis

A water molecule is taken in to break down a chain of molecules.

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Name the type of monosaccharide

Give its formula

Pentose

(CH₂O)₅

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Name the type of monosaccharide

Give its formula

Hexose

(CH₂O)₆

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Identify the monosaccharide

Galactose

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When many monosaccharides join together, they form a…

polysaccharide

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Polysaccharides are large. This means that they are…

insoluble (will not dissolve)

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Which elements make up carbohydrates?

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

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When 2 monosaccharides join together, they form a…

disaccharide

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What happens during a condensation reaction?

A water molecule is released from the reacting molecules

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How many covalent bonds does carbon make?

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Which type of reaction takes place when two monosaccharides join together?

Condensation Reaction

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A 4 carbon sugar is called a…

tetrose

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Identify the monosaccharide

α-Glucose

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Name the type of monosaccharide

Give its formula

Tetrose

(CH₂O)₄

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Name the bond that forms between two monosaccharides

Glycosidic bond

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An individual biological molecule is called a…

monomer

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Which type of reaction takes place when a disaccharide or polysaccharide is broken down?

Hydrolysis

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Identify the monosaccharide

Fructose

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Name 3 common disaccharides

Maltose (glucose + glucose)

Sucrose (glucose + fructose)

Lactose (glucose + galactose)

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What is an isomer?

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but whose molecules are arranged differently.

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Long chains of repeating molecules are called…

polymers

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A 6 carbon sugar is called a…

hexose

Glucose + Fructose –> _________

Glucose + Fructose –> Sucrose

A 3 carbon sugar is called a...

triose

The general chemical formula of a monosaccharide is...

(CH₂O)*_n*where *n* is the number of carbon atoms.

Glucose + Glucose --\> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Glucose + Glucose --\> Maltose

Identify the monosaccharide

β-Glucose

A 7 carbon sugar is called a...

heptose

Name the type of monosaccharide Give its formula

Heptose (CH₂O)₇

A 5 carbon sugar is called a...

pentose

A molecule containing carbon is called an...

organic molecule

An individual sugar molecule is called a...

monosaccharide

Name 4 common hexose monomers

α-Glucose β-Glucose Galactose Fructose

Name 2 common storage polysaccharides

Glycogen Starch

Name the type of monosaccharide Give its formula

Triose (CH₂O)₃

Which 4 elements make up most biological molecules?

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

Glucose + Galactose --\> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Glucose + Galactose --\> Lactose

Polysaccharides are used in cells for _____________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Storage (energy) Structure (cell walls)

name the monomer that makes up maltose

glucose

sucrose hydrolysis produces..

fructose and glucose

How is starch related to its function?

1. Helical/ spiral shape so compact; 2. Large (molecule)/insoluble so osmotically inactive; 3. Branched so glucose is (easily) released for respiration; 4. Large (molecule) so cannot leave cell/cross cell-surface membrane;

How is the structure of cellulose suited to its function?

Long, straight/unbranched chains of β glucose; Joined by hydrogen bonding; To form (micro/macro)fibrils; Provides rigidity/strength;

What other enzyme is required for the complete digestion of starch?

amylase and maltase

Give 2 differences between the structure of cellulose and glycogen

celluose molecules straight chains;glycogen branched cellulose beta glucose;glycogen alpha glucose celluose molecules straight chains; glycogen coiled celluose has only 1, 4 glycosidic bonds; glycogen has 1,4 and 1,6 bonds

Desccribe and explain 2 features of starch that makes it a good storage molecule

coiled/helical making it compact insoluble so does not affect the WP of cells LArge so cant cross the cell membrane Branched so more ends for enzyme action

test which tests for starch?

iodine

Describe how lactose is formed

glucose and galactose join by condensation reaction through a glycosidic bond

describe the structure of glycogen?

- alpha helix shape - branched - polymer of alpha glucose

suggest how glycogen acts as a source of energy?

- hydrolysed into glucose - glucose used in respiration

suggest and explain ways the cell-surface membranes of the cells lining the uterus may be adapted to allow rapid transport of nutrients?

- membrane folded SO larger surface area - large number of protein channels FOR facilitated diffusion - large number of protein carriers FOR active transport - large number of protein channels FOR co-transport

sucrase does not hydrolyse lactose. use your knowledge of the way in which enzymes work to explain why?

- lactose shape doesn't fit active site of sucrose - cannot bind to form E-S complex

explain why triglycerides are not considered to be polymers?

not MANY repeating units

name the other molecule formed when two molecules of glycine are joined together?

water

describe how lactose is formed and where in the cell it would be attached to a polypeptide to form a glycoprotein?

- condensation reaction between a-glucose and galactose - via glycosidic bond - in golgi

digestion of carboydrates

1. salivary amylase released in mouth - starch → maltose 2. churned into chyme in stomach, HCl denatures salivary amylase 3. bile from gallbladder neutralises pH for new enzymes 4. pancreas + intestinal releases amylase - Starch → maltose 5. membrane-bound maltase, sucrase and lactase hydrolyse the disaccharides in the duodenum 6. hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds 7. monosaccharides are absorbed by co-transport with Na+ ions