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biology year 1 > 3.2.1.2 Organelle Structure and Function > Flashcards

3.2.1.2 Organelle Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the nuclear membrane?

A

Double membrane that controls entry/exit of materials to and from the nucleus.

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2
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

Holes in the nuclear membrane that allow mRNA and ribosomes to exit.

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3
Q

What is the nucleoplasm?

A

Jelly-like material that makes up the bulk of a nucleus.

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4
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Small spherical region in a nucleus that contains ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and manufactures ribosomes.

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5
Q

What is chromatin?

A

An uncondensed complex of DNA and protein.

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6
Q

What does chromatin condense into prior to cell division?

A

Chromosomes

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7
Q

What is the function of a mitochondrion?

A

The site of cellular respiration.

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8
Q

In which eukaryotic cell would you not find a nucleus and why?

A

Red blood cells

To give more room to carry oxygen

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9
Q

Which cells contain many mitochondria?

A

Metabolically active cells such as:
Muscle cells
Intestinal epithelial cells
Sperm cells

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10
Q

How are mitochondria adapted to carry out their function?

A
  1. Cristae - extensions of inner membrane provide large surface area for respiration reactions to take place.
  2. Matrix - inner space contains ribosomes, and DNA so that respiratory enzymes can be quickly produced when needed.
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11
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast?

A

To carry out photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide + Water –> Glucose + Oxygen.

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12
Q

Which plant cells do not contain chloroplasts and why?

A

Root hair cells - no sunlight underground.

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13
Q

What is the chloroplast envelope?

A

A partially permeable double membrane that surrounds a chloroplast.

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14
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Flattened sacs found within a chloroplast that contain chlorophyll.

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15
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

The green pigment found inside the thylakoids of chloroplasts that captures light energy.

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16
Q

What are grana?

A

Stacks of thylakoids.

The place where the 1st stage of photosynthesis takes place (light absorption).

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17
Q

What is the stroma of a chloroplast?

A

The fluid filled space within a chloroplast.

Where the 2nd stage of photosynthesis takes place (sugar synthesis).

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18
Q

How are chloroplasts adapted to carry out their function?

A
  1. Granal membranes provide a large surface area for photosynthesis reactions to take place.
  2. Stroma contains enzymes for 2nd step of photosynthesis to take place (sugar synthesis).
  3. Contain DNA and ribosomes so can quickly produce enzymes required for photosynthesis when needed.
19
Q

What is meant by lamellae?

A

Folded membranes

20
Q

The flattened sacs and hollow tubes of endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus are called…

A

cisternae

21
Q

The rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles are all part of the…

A

endomembrane system (i.e. protein transport out of cell)

22
Q

Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum described as rough?

A

It is ‘studded’ with ribosomes.

23
Q

How does the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum relate to its function?

A
  1. Folds provide a large surface area for protein synthesis.
  2. Cisternae provide a pathway for transport of proteins.
  3. Can form vesicles to allow proteins to exit.
24
Q

What happens at the ‘cis face’ of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Incoming vesicles containing proteins, lipids and carbohydrates are received.

25
Q

What happens at the ‘trans face’ of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modified/labelled proteins, lipids or carbohydrates are TRANSferred out of the Golgi apparatus in secretory vesicles.

26
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  1. Adds carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins.
  2. Forms lysosomes.
  3. Transports and modifies stored lipids.
  4. Produces secretory enzymes e.g. in pancreatic or epithelial cells.
  5. Secretes carbohydrates for cell walls.
27
Q

Describe the process of lysosome action on an engulfed bacterium.

A
  1. Hydrolytic enzyme enters cis face of Golgi apparatus.
  2. Lysosome containing hydrolytic enzyme (lysozyme) exits trans face of Golgi apparatus.
  3. Lysosome merges with vesicle containing engulfed bacterium and digests bacterium.
  4. Soluble debris absorbed into cell. Insoluble debris is egested from cell.
28
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  1. Synthesise, store and transportation of lipids.
  2. Synthesise, store and transportation of carbohydrates.
  3. Detoxification of harmful substances.
29
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A
  1. Prevents a plant cell bursting due to osmosis.
  2. Give plant cells mechanical strength.
  3. Structure allows water to pass through it via osmosis.
30
Q

What is the function of a vacuole?

A
  1. Makes plant cells turgid (firm)
  2. Contains sugars/amino acids which act as a temporary food store.
  3. Contains coloured pigments which attract pollinating insects e.g. petals.
31
Q

Where are 80S ribosomes found?

A

Eukaryotic cells

32
Q

Where are 70S ribosomes found?

A

Prokaryotic cells
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts

33
Q

Which are bigger: 70S or 80S ribosomes?

A

80S (25nm as opposed to 20nm 70S)

34
Q

Ribosomes are made from 2 parts. What are these parts called?

A

Large subunit

Small subunit

35
Q

name 2 molecules found in a ribosome

A

RNA and protein

36
Q

What process do you use isolate an organelles from a cell?

A

cell fractionation

37
Q

What does cell fractionation involve?

A
  1. break open cells and remove debris
  2. add cold isotonic buffer
  3. spin in centrifuge - heaviest organelle pellets 1st
38
Q

In cell fractionation which pellet would you find the chloroplasts?

A

second

39
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration and production of ATP

40
Q

describe how you could make a temporary mount of a piece of plant tissue to observe the position of starch grains in the cells when using an optical (light) microscope?

A
  • add drop of water to glass slide
  • obtain thin section of plant tissue
  • place on slide
  • stain with iodine in potassium iodide
  • lower cover slip using mounted needle
41
Q

in a beetroot practical, the student put the same volume of water in each tube.

explain why it was important that he controlled this experimental variable?

A
  • compare

- if too much water, conc of pigment in solution will be lower

42
Q

in a beetroot practical,

suggest how the increase in temperature of the water caused the release of the red pigment?

A
  • increase in temp denatures proteins membrane

- increased fluidity

43
Q

explain the presence of bile in the colon

A
  • secreted by liver
  • released from gall bladder into ileum
  • bile passes unchanged from ileum to colon
44
Q

human cells contain genes that control their growth and division. one of these genes codes for a protein that prevents cell division. the substances formed from bile steroids by Clostridium bacteria may cause gene mutation.

describe and explain how these substances could cause colon cancer

A
  • change in DNA base sequence
  • due to ADDITION mutation
  • transcription changed
  • amino acid base sequence changed
  • leads to loss of function
  • leads to lo uncontrolled division

biology year 1 (45 decks)

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