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1.Chem A-level > 3.3.1 Intro to Organic Chem Knowledge > Flashcards

3.3.1 Intro to Organic Chem Knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

what element do all organic compounds contain?

A

Carbon

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2
Q

how many covalent bonds does carbon form in stable compounds?

A

4

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3
Q

how many of each type of bond does each carbon atom have in an alkane?

A

4 single bonds

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4
Q

how many of each type of bond does each carbon atom have in an alkene?

A

in alkenes, carbon has 2 single bonds and 1 double bond

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5
Q

how many of each type of bond does each carbon atom have in an alkyne?

A

in alkynes, carbon has 1 single bond and 1 triple bond

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6
Q

what is the empirical formula?

A

simplest ratio of the atoms of each element in a compound

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7
Q

what is the molecular formula?

A

total number of atoms of each element in a compound

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8
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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9
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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10
Q

what is the general formula for cycloalkanes?

A

CnH2n

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11
Q

what is displayed formula?

A

shows every atom and every bonds within a compound

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12
Q

what is structural formula?

A

shows unique arrangement of atoms in a molecule in a simplified form, without drawing all the bonds

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13
Q

what is skeletal formula?

A

simplified version of displayed formula where the carbon chain is represented by a single zig-zag line and the end of each line and each corner represents a carbon atom

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14
Q

how is structural formula written?

A
  • Each carbon in the longest chain is written separately, along with the atoms or groups which are attached to it
  • When there is a side-chain containing carbon, this is written in brackets to show that it is not part of the main chain
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15
Q

what is the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry?

A

a method of naming organic chemical compounds

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16
Q

what is the prefix for 1 carbon chain?

A

meth-

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17
Q

what is the prefix for 2 carbon chain?

A

eth-

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18
Q

what is the prefix for 3 carbon chain?

A

prop-

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19
Q

what is the prefix for 4 carbon chain?

A

but-

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20
Q

what is the prefix for 5 carbon chain?

A

pent-

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21
Q

what is the prefix for 6 carbon chain?

A

hex-

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22
Q

what is the prefix for 7 carbon chain?

A

sept-

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23
Q

what is the prefix for 8 carbon chain?

A

oct-

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24
Q

what is the prefix for 9 carbon chain?

A

non-

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25
Q

what is the prefix for 10 carbon chain?

A

dec-

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26
Q

what is the suffix for a C=C functional group?

A

-ane

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27
Q

what is the suffix for a C-C functional group?

28
Q

what is the suffix for a O-H functional group?

29
Q

how do you name branched molecules in organic chemictry?

A
  • the name for each side chain is placed at the beginning of the molecule name and given a number to show where the side-chain is attached to the main chain
  • when there is more than one side chain, their names are placed in alphabetical order at the beginning of the molecule name and they are given the lowest possible combination of numbers
  • if more than one of the same type of side chain is present, then a multiplier is used to indicate how many are present; each side chain must still be given a number
30
Q

what is the name for this side-chain: CH3

31
Q

what is the name for this side-chain: CH2CH3

32
Q

what is the name for this side-chain: CH2CH2CH3

33
Q

what is the name for this side-chain: CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

33
Q

what is the name for this side-chain: CH2CH2CH2CH3

34
Q

what is the name for this side-chain: CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

35
Q

what is the multiplier used for 2 identical side-chains in organic chemistry?

36
Q

what is the multiplier used for 3 identical side-chains in organic chemistry?

37
Q

what is the multiplier used for 4 identical side-chains in organic chemistry?

38
Q

what is the multiplier used for 5 identical side-chains in organic chemistry?

39
Q

what is the multiplier used for 6 identical side-chains in organic chemistry?

40
Q

what is the multiplier used for 7 identical side-chains in organic chemistry?

41
Q

what is the multiplier used for 8 identical side-chains in organic chemistry?

42
Q

how do you name alkenes in organic chemistry?

A
  • find the longest C chain in the molecule and then number the molecule to give the double bond the lowest number; the number is placed before -ene in the name
  • for molecules with 2 double bonds, the multiplier ‘di’ is placed fore the ‘ene’; both double bonds must be given a number to indicate their placement
43
Q

what are cycloalkanes?

A

Cycloalkanes are ring structures with the general formula CnH2n, making them structural isomers of alkenes

44
Q

how do you name cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes?

A

count the carbon atoms, name the alkane, add cyclo- onto the beginning of the name; the same is true for cycloalkenes

45
Q

what is the general formula of simple alcohols?

46
Q

how do you name alcohols in organic chemistry?

A
  • for molecules with more than one OH group, a multiplier is used to say how many groups there are
  • for molecules that have a C=C bond and an OH group, the OH is given priority when numbering
47
Q

what is a haloalkane?

A

Haloalkanes contain at least one halogen atom bonded to the C chain

48
Q

how do you name haloalkanes in organic chemistry?

A
  • In haloalkanes, the halogen atom is named and placed at the beginning of the molecule name
  • If there are multiple halogen atoms in a molecule then each one is named and given a number, with multipliers used if there is more than one of a particular halogen
49
Q

what is the prefix used for fluorine atoms in haloalkanes?

50
Q

what is the prefix used for chlorine atoms in haloalkanes?

51
Q

what is the prefix used for iodine atoms in haloalkanes?

52
Q

what is the prefix used for bromine atoms in haloalkanes?

53
Q

how are E/Z isomers named in organic chemistry?

A

E/Z isomers are named as usual and the E or Z is written at the beginning of the name

54
Q

how do you decide whether a molecule is E or Z isomer?

A
  • Each C in the C=C bond is considered separately and the atoms attached to the C atom are ordered in terms of priority
  • The atom with the higher atomic number is given priority
  • The position of the priority groups on each C atom in the C=C bond are considered; if the groups are on the same side then the isomer is Z; If the groups are on opposite sides then the isomer is called E.
55
Q

what is a homologous series?

A

a family of hydrocarbons with similar chemical properties who share the same general formula

56
Q

what are some common features of homologous series?

A
  • Same general formula
  • same functional group
  • differ by number of CH2 units
  • similar chemical properties
  • show gradual change in physical properties
57
Q

what are isomers?

A

molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures

58
Q

what are structural isomers?

A

Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

59
Q

what are the 3 types of structural isomerism?

A

chain isomerism, positional isomerism, and functional group isomerism

60
Q

what does chain isomerism change?

A

changes length of C chain

61
Q

what does positional isomerism change?

A

changes position of functional group

62
Q

what does functional group isomerism change?

A

changes type of functional group

63
Q

what are stereoisomers?

A

stereoisomers have the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space

64
Q

when can E/Z isomers occur?

A

when a molecule has a C=C double bond; in order for a molecule to display E/Z isomers, both C atoms in the double bond must be bonded to 2 different groups

65
Q

why do stereoisomers occur?

A

each C atom in the C=C bond is bonded to 2 different groups and there is restricted rotation around the C=C double bond

66
Q

how do you work out what the E and Z isomers are for a given molecule?

A
  • draw the molecule with a trigonal planar shape around both C atoms in the C=C bond.
  • Put the correct groups on both C atoms in any order.
  • To draw the other isomer, swap around the groups on one of the C atoms in the C=C bond.

1.Chem A-level (17 decks)

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