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RSFC chemistry > 3.3 Haloalkanes > Flashcards

3.3 Haloalkanes Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkane to Haloalkane

A

Radical substitution
UV Light
Cl2

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2
Q

Haloalkane to alkene

A

Elimination
Ethanoic NaOH

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3
Q

Alkene to haloalkane

A

Electophillic addition

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4
Q

Haloalkane to nitrile

A

Nucleophilic substitution
Aqueous ethanoic
KCN

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5
Q

Haloalkane to amine

A

Nucleophillic substitution
Excess ammonia (NH3)

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6
Q

Haloalkane to alcohol

A

Nucleophilic substitution
Aqueous NaOH

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7
Q

Alcohol to alkene

A

Elimination
Hot concentrated H2SO4

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8
Q

Alkene to alcohol

A

Electrophillic addition
H2SO4 –> Alkyl hydrogen sulphate
+H2O –> Alcohol

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9
Q

Cl

A

Chlorophyll

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10
Q

F

A

Fluoro

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11
Q

Br

A

Bromo

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12
Q

I

A

Iodo

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13
Q

Primary

A

The C atom bonded to the halogen is only attached to one other C

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14
Q

Secondary

A

The C atom bonded to the halogen is attached to two other C’s

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15
Q

Tertiary

A

The C atom bonded to the halogen is attached to three other C’s

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16
Q

Essential condition for free radical substitution

A

UV light
Provides the energy needed to break the halogen - halogen bond and start the reaction

17
Q

Free - radical

A

Species with an unpaired electron
species - a thing

18
Q

Mechanism of CH4+Cl2 –> CH3Cl + HCl

A

Initiation : Cl2 –> 2Cl.
Propagation 1 : Cl. + CH4 –> .CH3 + HCl
Propagation 2 : .CH3 + Cl2 –> CH3Cl + Cl.
Termination : .CH3 + C. –> CH3Cl
2Cl. –> Cl2
2.CH3 –> CH3CH3

19
Q

Initiation

A

Using UV light to break the halogen - halogen bond to make 2 free radicals

20
Q

Propagation step 1

A

2 free radicals produced takes a H from alkane
Turns alkane into free radical and a hydrogen halide

21
Q

Propagation step 2

A

Alkyl radical takes a halogen from a halogen molecule
Forms a haloalkane and reproduces a halogen free-radical

22
Q

Termination

A

Two free radicals combine

23
Q

What are CFC’s

A

Haloalkanes with both chlorine and fluorine

24
Q

Ozone breakdown mechanism

A

I: CCl3F –> Cl. + .CCl2F
P1: Cl. + O3 –> .ClO + O2
P2 : .ClO + O3 –> 2O2 + .Cl

25
Q

Why are CFC’s so damaging to the ozone layer?

A

Cl. is regenerated in the final propagation causing a chain reaction in the decomposition of the ozone

26
Q

Why does 1,1,1 - trifluoroethane not lead to the depletion of the ozone in the upper atmosphere?

A

It doesn’t contain Cl
C-F bonds are very strong and don’t break

27
Q

Curly arrows

A

Double headed show pair of electrons
From bond or lone pair to atom or point where bond is being made

28
Q

Nucleophile

A

Electron pair donor

29
Q

Nucleophile examples

A

OH-
CN-
NH3
They all have a lone pair to donate

30
Q

Nucleophilic substitution by OH-

A

Reagent - NaOH or KOH
Conditions - Aqueous solvent
Product - Alcohol

31
Q

Nucleophilic substitution by CN-

A

Reagent - CN
Conditions - Water and ethanol solvent
Product - Nitrile

32
Q

Nucleophilic substitution by NH3

A

Reagent - NH3
Conditions - ethanol solvent, heat and pressure
Product - amine
3 steps

33
Q

Chloropropane with silver nitrate

A

White / AgCl

34
Q

Bromopropane

A

Cream / AgBr

35
Q

Iodopropane

A

Yellow / AgI

36
Q

Weakest bond

A

C-I
Fastest reaction

37
Q

Strongest bond

A

C-Cl
Slowest reaction

38
Q

Elimination

A

Reagent - NaOH or KOH
Conditions - ethanol solvent
Product - alkene
OH- acts as a base
Forms two products - one is usually an E/Z isomer

RSFC chemistry (19 decks)

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