3.2.5.2 Natural resource issues Flashcards
Global patterns of water availablity
- South America in the rainforest the climate is high and theres high amounts of precipitation
- rainforests occur at the equator and low pressure system
- Middle East due to the Arabian desert causing less water
- water insecurity in countries such as Asia and Europe where global population widely exceeds the global water supply
Global patterns of water demand
- over the years there has been an increase in freshwater use going from 700bn in 1901 to 3.7tr in 2014 due to an increase in population and developing countries industrialising and production
- the main water use proportions are agricultural (80%), Industry (22%) and domestic (8%) with industry seeing the largest increase of 25 times from 1900 to 2025
- low income countries use (82%) for agriculture whereas high income use (30%) and 59% for agriculture use
- North America uses significantly larger amounts of water consumption per capita
What is the energy gap
- difference between the energy that countries can provide for their citizens and how much is actually needed
Pattern in primary energy consumption
- ACs and LIDCs are having the most energy consumption this is possibly due to higher populations and LIDCS having a lot of primary energy consumption for agricultural use
Access to energy vs GDP per capita
- the higher ones GDP per capita the more access to electricity they have - an example of this being Chad which has a GDP of $2,000 but only 15% access to energy in comparison to Ghana with a GDP of $5,000 having 80% access to technology
How COVID affected energy consumption
- primary energy consumption fell by 4.5% in 2020 the largest decline since 1945 driven mostly by oil which dropped 3/4 of its net
- renewable energy grew - carbon emissions from energy use fell by 6.3% the lowest level since 2011
Oil: patterns of production , consumption and global trade
- top producers of oil is the Middle East (40% of total production in all regions) the smallest being Europe over time the Middle East has remained top producer with most regions staying the same in their production rates throughout the years
- top consumers are North America (20% of consumption in all regions) and Asia Pacific (35%) the least being Africa (2%) this trend has remained the same over the years
-the largest flows are from the Middle East
Natural Gas: producers, consumers, global trade
- top producers of natural gas is North America(20% of all regions) this being the long standing trend over the years this the same with Africa being the least producer of natural gas
- this trends remains the same with consumption with NA ( 30% of all regions) being the most consumer of natural gas this being the same over time and Africa (2% of all regions) being the least consumer of natural gas
Coal: producers, consumption
- top producers of coal is Asia Pacific being 66% of total coal production of all regions
- Africa being the least producers of about 5% of total coal production of all regions
- these trends have remained the same throughout time this trend is similar with consumption
Renewables: consumers of nuclear and hydroelectric energy
Nuclear energy: the majority of consumption being Europe and North America both being around 30% of total nuclear energy in all regions this trend remains the same over time
hydroelectric: - Asia Pacific has the most hydroelectric power it has doubled over the past 20 years whilst other regions such as Africa, Europe and North America have remained the same
Changing patterns of energy production
- Russia emerged as the 2nd main producer of oil and gas in 20-30 years
- increased of production of coal in southern hemisphere eg South Africa and Australia
- oil reserves being identified exploiting in poorer countries eg, Chad and South Sudan this is helped by TNCs
Changing patterns of energy consumption
Energy/ capita consumption positively correlates with GDP/ Capita but developing countries increasing energy use more quickly
Changing patterns of energy trade
- Western Europe coming reliant on Russia for gas
- trade in oil and gas hindered by high transport costs/ lack of transport but if oil prices rise again trade may decrease
- Energy TNCs eg shell, BP increasing important in controlling exploration, production and trade
Where are the highest reserves of oil
- North America such as USA and Canada
- Russia and most parts of Asia
Where is the highest consumption of oil
- most consumption is seen in North America such as America and Canada
- the least consumption is Africa and Southern Asia
