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Geography Human Alevel > 3.2.1.1 - Globalisation > Flashcards

3.2.1.1 - Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is globalisation?

A

A process by which national economies, societies and cultures have become increasing integrated through the global network of trade, communications, transport and immigration.

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2
Q

What is an economy of scale?

A

Cost advantage of large scale output of a product as savings are made by spreading out the cost over more units

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3
Q

What are international flows of capital?

A

All financial transfer between companies for investment, trade or production

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4
Q

What are remittances?

A

Transfers of money from migrants to relatives back home

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5
Q

What is migration?

A

Generally now the outmigration of labour from poorer to richer nations

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6
Q

What is FDI?

A

Foreign Direct Investments. Money or assets invested by TNCs in overseas enterprises. Either by merging with another company, setting up subsidiary companies or through shares.

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7
Q

What are BRIC countries?

A

Brazil, Russia, India and China. Rapid economic advances during 1990s

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8
Q

What are MINT countries?

A

Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey. Recently emerging economies after the year 2000.

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9
Q

What is repatriation of profits?

A

Sometimes known as economic leakage. TNCs will extract profits from abroad and bring back to their HQ

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10
Q

What is aid?

A

Either from NGOs, as bilateral agreements between 2 governments or via multinational organisations such as the UN which puts aid from many nations together

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11
Q

What is the IMF?

A

International Monetary Fund which aims to allow economic stability and foster international trade.

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12
Q

What are the impacts of flows of labour?

A
  • Most migrants have some level of education
  • Can afford to move, therefore not very poorest in giving nation
  • Long term issue as people stop sending remittances after 2/3 generations
  • Inter-continental as well as long distance
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13
Q

What are flows of services?

A

An economic activity which is traded without the production of material goods

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14
Q

What are high level services?

A

Services to business, such as finance, advertising

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15
Q

What are low level services?

A

Services to consumers, such as banking, travel, communication

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16
Q

What are the impacts of flows of services?

A
  • Easily traded in a globalised world, no locational grounding, offices and call centres can be located anywhere
  • Low level services may be outsourced to developing nations, eg call centres in India
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17
Q

What are the impacts of flows of products?

A
  • Gloablisation means more products need to be transported from pace of manufacture to chosen market
  • Containerisation makes shipments quick, easy, cheap
  • Removal of taxes and encouragement of global trade groups allow for greater levels of trade
  • Some objections caused by protectionism
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18
Q

What are flows of information?

A

Both migrants and technology allow flows of information, recent and historic migrants allow for multiculturalism and information sharing

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19
Q

What are factors in globalisation?

A
  • Communication development
  • Transport development
  • Financial development
  • Information Systems
  • Security development
  • Trade agreements
  • Management systems
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20
Q

What are financial factors in globalisation?

A

Linked to technological developments as well as relaxed trade barriers allowed by governments, the movement of finances around the world has grown hugely.

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21
Q

What is protectionism?

A

Putting barriers in place to prevent and reduce trade in order to maintain internal markets and own manufacturing industries

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22
Q

What is trade and finance liberalisation?

A

Groups such as the WTO encouraging governments to remove tariffs and barriers to trade, to encourage free movement of goods

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23
Q

What is the world customs organisation?

A

An intergovernmental organisation noted for its work in areas covering the development of international conventions, instruments and tools on topics such as commodity classification, valuation, rules of origin etc.

24
Q

What is the EU secure operator initiative?

A

Set up and run by the EU in order to ensure a secure and reliable end to end supply chain for all goods and services.

25
How is air freight a factor in globalisation?
Faster, more places reached, fresh goods transported in large quantities, anywhere in the world, cheap, ease of ordering goods
26
How are cargo ships a factor in globalisation?
Shipping containers are standardised so can be transported universally, large quantities of goods can be transported easily, takes a long time but cheap and easy form of transport.
27
How are warehouses and robotics a factor in globalisation?
Anything can be ordered from anywhere in the world and arrive potentially next day due to ease of robotics, less likely to make mistakes and very quick. Robots run 24/7
28
How are budget airlines a factor in globalisation?
Makes more places accessible for normal people, travel on a budget, competition between airlines increases the number of destinations around the world, encourages travel.
29
What are trade blocs?
A type of intergovernmental agreement where regional barriers to trade (tariff + non-tariff) are reduced or eliminated among countries
30
What are the advantages of trade blocs?
Allows trade between many countries One economy, one workforce Travel between countries is easy, free travel Encourages growth of economies, risk sharing Trade of services and people as well as goods
31
What are the disadvantages of trade blocs?
Countries surrounded by trade blocs but not in them struggle to trade Hinders development of countries outside the trade bloc Creates problem sharing, if one country suffers, all do Uneven reward for input Migration issues, often uncontrolled Lack of national control and identity
32
When did the volume of world trade first increase dramatically?
The late 19th century
33
What aided world trade to increase in the 19th century?
Multinational banks and global pricing systems, as well as the invention of the telegraph
34
By how much did global trade increase between 1870 and 1913?
It tripled
35
How has internal migration affected China?
As it has opened to international trade, most factory employees are from China's rural interior, moving to the cities for low-grade service and construction jobs
36
How many rural migrants are there in China's major cities?
150-200 million
37
5 dimensions of globalisation
Flows of Information Flows of Capital Flows of Products Flows of Services Flows of Labour
38
Flows of Information Key Points
News, financial data Email, internet, social media People in different countries can communicate Interconnected- learn about different cultures Share ideas- development
39
Flows of Capital Key Points
Money invested, historically within a country FDI increased by nearly 4 times in last 20 years Deregulation of financial services
40
Why was the Deregulation of Financial Services a positive for flows of Capital?
Money moved more easily across national boundaries for: Trade Investment Production
41
Flows of Products Key Points
Historically made and sold in same country Now made in LIC’s- reliance Containerisation WTO removal of taxes and tariffs encouraged global trade
42
What reduces Flows of Products?
Protectionist economies
43
Flows of Services Key Points
IT = global banking Footloose companies Deregulation of financial services means access to large markets Low level services to LIC’s, cheap labour High level services to HIC’s
44
Flows of Labour Key Points
International- some level of wealth and education Can lead to better working conditions Can lead to worse conditions i.e. Filipino builders in Saudi Arabia live in slums Interconnected- mix of cultures, family all over the world
45
Importance of Marketing for TNC’s
Promoting and selling products everywhere 1 single market = 1 strategy Economies of scale- cheaper- increase profit Brand awareness
46
Why do TNC marketing campaigns need regional adaptation?
Different laws Different cultural attitudes i.e. alcohol
47
5 Factors affecting Globalisation
Transport Financial Management and Information Systems Communications Security
48
Factors affecting Globalisation: Transport
Containerisation High speed rail and faster planes, people and products move around more quickly Cars and infrastructure
49
Factors affecting Globalisation: Financial
Links to technological advances and relaxed trade barriers Internet means a potential investor can research a company- informed decisions
50
Factors affecting Globalisation: Management and Information Systems
Allowed companies to change how they manage themselves i.e. R&D, manufacturing, sales rarely on same site Instant communication Global transfer of money
51
Factors affecting Globalisation: Communications
Satellites first launched in 1960’s- cheap wireless communication Optic fibres- fast, almost instant communication Rise in social media and instant messaging
52
Factors affecting Globalisation: Security
Online security breaches cost £1.5 million each in UK Global trade increases global security as countries are less likely to go to war World Customs Organisation- stays ahead of crime relating to movement of goods and services i.e. Illegal weapons trade, drug enforcement EU Secure Operator Initiative - important with the relaxed tariffs of the trade agreement, if too long movement of goods is slowed
53
HSBC
4th largest bank- 10 million customers 9,500 branches in 85 countries First Direct, Bank of Bermuda (feels less global- more trusted) HQ: Canary Wharf Call Centres: India
54
How many people live outside the country they were born in
216 million
55
Supply chain security
. Focuses on risk management . Reduce risks of working with other organisations . Focus on physical threats like theft and cyber threats
56
Bioecurity
. Reducing disease outbreaks . Controlling exports/imports of animals

Geography Human Alevel (61 decks)

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