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Human Geography: Global Governance + Systems > 🌍 3.2.1.3 - International Trade and Access To Markets Flashcards > Flashcards

🌍 3.2.1.3 - International Trade and Access To Markets Flashcards

1
Q

What is an import license?

A

A license issued by a national government authorising the importation of goods from a specific source

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2
Q

What are import quotas?

A

A physical limit on the quantity of goods that can be imported into a country

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3
Q

What are subsidies?

A

Grants or allowances usually awarded to domestic producers to reduce their costs and make them more competitive against imports

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4
Q

What are voluntary export restraints?

A

A diplomatic strategy offered by the exporting country to appease the importing country and deter it from opposing trade barriers

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5
Q

What are embargoes?

A

Partial or complete restriction of commerce and trade within a particular country.
Put into practice for political rather than commercial reasons

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6
Q

What are the main barriers to trade?

A

Import license
Import quotas
Subsidies
Voluntary export restraints
Embargoes

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7
Q

What are trade restrictions?

A

Other import restrictions may be based on technical or regualtory obstacles such as:
- the quality standards of goods being imported
- how they are produced

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8
Q

WHat is an example of an EU trade restriction?

A

The import of goods knowingly produced using child labour

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9
Q

WHat is FDI?

A

Foreign Direct Investment, the amount of capital invested in foreign countries

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10
Q

WHat are the main global causes of FDI?

A

Natural resources and size of a country’s population/market

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11
Q

WHat is a transition economy?

A

One that is changing from a centrally planned economy to one driven by market forces

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12
Q

What are some of the top FDI giving countries?

A

US, UK, Germany, France, Switzerland

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13
Q

What are some of the top FDI receiving countries?

A

Hong Kong, China, US, UK, Germaby

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14
Q

What are trade relationships?

A

Alter how and why places trade with each other

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15
Q

What are some examples of trade relationships?

A

TTP, TTIP,G7, G20, Pacific Alliance

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16
Q

How is China investing in Africa?

A

Their investing in old copper mines in Zambia and Botswana needed to support the ‘industrail explosion’ in China

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17
Q

How has China’s investment supported African countries?

A

They have been able to develop infrastructures as well as healthcare and education

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18
Q

What does China rely on African markets for?

A

A steady flow of natural resources to sustain manufacturing

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19
Q

What does China export to Africa?

A

Cheap manufactured goods, FDI, much needed infrastructure and billions of dollars

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20
Q

How much of China’s FDI is distributed in Africa?

A

50%

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21
Q

How are Chinese infrastructure programs exploiting Africa?

A

They are carried out by the Chinese workers instead of giving local companies and citizens vital opportunity to grow in experience + capital. They bring huge profits to Chinese companies

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22
Q

How has China compromised human rights in Africa?

A

2011, Human Rights Watch released a scathing review of the treatment of Zambian workers in Chenes-owned copper mines, with unsafe conditions, exploitative hours, and threats to those who posed complaints

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23
Q

What have Chines infrastructure programmes created?

A

Roads, bridges, railways, schools and hospitals

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24
Q

How is China benifitting politically from Africa?

A

It is gaining power as Africa carries great diplomatic weight shifting China’s diplomatic inluence away from the US

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25
How has China demonstrated its political power in Africa?
It built its first overseas military base on the coast of Djibouti (less than 10 miles away from US AFRICOM) giving access to the Red Sea and Indian Ocean
26
How does inequality occur within MERCOSUR?
There are different levels of membership, unlike with EU, NAFTA
27
What is SDT?
Special and differential treatment
28
WHy were SDTs set up?
To ensure that protectionist policies wouldn't exclude many developing countries from trading freely with more developed nations due to tarriffs and quota barriers
29
What were the aims of introducing SDTs? (3)
- Tackle the structural handicaps that characterise LDCs - Engage in world trade on a more advantageous level - Promote faster income growth and development
30
What are LDCs?
Least Developed Countries, a category created by the UN general assembly
31
WHat was the view of creating LDCs?
To provide the least developed among developing countries with special support measres to overcome their specific disadvanatges
32
WHat are the structurak handicaps of LDCs?
- A low level of income - A concentration on export of primary goods - Vulnerabilityto export price volatility
33
Special and differential tratement is an...
...acquired political right
34
Developing countries should enjoy privileged access to the markets of...
...their trading partners, particularly in developed countries
35
Developing ocuntries should have the right to restrict imports....
...to a greater degree than developed countries
36
Developing countries should be allowed flexibility in...
...the application of certain WTO rules, or to postpone the application of rules
37
What are some of the issues with SDTs?
Not all LDCs are members of the WTO and application can vbe lengthly LDCs are not fully aware of SDTs and so not make productive use of them There is no ceoncern among richer nations that markets will be flooded with cheap imports and undermine their own industrial base
38
Which country is currently the greatest exporter?
China, followed by US and Germany
39
What is the most exported product?
Oil, followed by cars and processed petroleum oil
40
Which countries are tehe biggest importers?
US, China, Germany
41
What is Fair Trade?
A social movement to try and achieve better trading conditions and promote sustainability. Traditionally, products are exported to richer nations from developing ones
42
What standards does Fair Trade set?
Social, economic and environmental, for both companies and farmers/ workers
43
What do Fair Trade standards ensure?
- Protection of worker's rights - Protection of the environment - Payment of the Fair Trade
44
What is the FAir Trade Premium?
An additional price to invest in business or community projects of the community's choice
45
How do FAir Trade ensure standards are met?
Independent checks
46
What do members of the FAir Trade movement advocate?
The payment of higher prices to producers as well as helping them achieve improved social and environmental standards
47
How are FAir Trade producers organised?
International organisations organise them into co-operatives to combine their produce
48
How do co-opertaives benifit producers?
It gives them more influence in governing market conditions and the power to negotiate better deals with suppliers or supply direct
49
What are alternative trading organisations?
Oxfam Trading etc other organisations whtich focus on application of Fair Trade
50
What is the main goal of Fair Trade?
To achieve better trading conditions and promote sustainability, empowering the poorest people
51
WHat is the main goal of free trade?
Increase economic growth
52
What does FAir Trade focus on?
Social, economic and environmental standards, trade among individuals
53
What does free trade focus on?
Trade policies between countries
54
Who does FAir Trade primarily benefit?
Farmers, workers, communities in LICs
55
Who does Free Trade primarily benfit?
powerful businesses
56
WHat are some of the criticisms of Fair Trade?
Interferes with free market, ineffective, imapct too small scale
57
What are the major actions of free trade?
Countries lower tariffs, labour and environmental standards
58
What are the major actions of FAir Trade?
Long term relationships, higher labour and environemental standards
59
What are the key advocate organisations of free trade?
Worl Bank IMF WTO
60
WHat are the key advocate organisations of FAir Trade?
Cafedirect Oxfam Trading World Fair Trade Organisation
61
What are the benifits of Fair Trade?
- Raises labour and environmental standards - Forms long term relationships with producers - Encourgaes community development - Benefits the poorest people and prevents exploitation
62
WHat are the issues with FAir Trade?
- Encourages higher prices for consumers - Interfere with free market - Inefficient - Impact is small scale - People don't buy as much of a product
63
What are some of the largest TNCs?
Ford Vodaphone Shell
64
Why do TNCs base their operations in LEDCs?
Production costs are less Governments want to host TNCs and so offer financial incntives LEDCs often have fewer environmental restrictions
65
Why might TNCs base opertaions in MEDCs?
- A place has history of the industry e.g engineering for car companies - Cheap land in declining areas - Well-developed transport - High unemployment, available labour
66
What are some of the benifits of TNCs to host countries?
EMployment Improved technology Infrastructure development Financial support Inward Investment Multiplier effect
67
What is inward investment?
Local economy is improved withiut using taxpayer's money
68
WHat is the multiplier effect?
The local econoomy is boosted by increase personal income generating more 'buying power'
69
What are some of the drawback of TNCs in host countries?
Labour force Foreign decision markers Profits return to country of origin Grants given to TNC rather than directly Health and safety issues Environmental issues
70
How do TNCs positively impact developing NEEs?
Provides jobs through manufacturing Brings financial attention to areas Contributes to infrastructure development Investment into the area/ country
71
How do TNCs negatively impact developing NEEs?
Can negatively impact environment Can exploit cheap labour Bad working conditions/ rules
72
How do TNCs positively impact development in LICs?
Raw materials extracted Materials needed to fuel factories Provides income/ economy Increased infrastructure to transport materials
73
How do TNCs negatively impact development in LICs?
Can damage environment Products not available in LICS Inequality created within HICs
74
How do TNCs positively impact employment in HICs?
Creates high-paid, high-skilled jobs Attract other TNCs to area Attract highly skilled workforce Enhances reputation Infrastructure development jobs
75
How do TNCs negatively impact employment in HICSs?
Loss of lower-skilled jobs Often employ foreign nationals Sufficient work not provided Tax moved elsewhere
76
How do TNCs positively impact opinions of global sysstems?
TNCs can increase trade between LICs/HICs Can reduce poverty levels - IMF Increase infrastructure + jobs Decreased inequality - World Bank
77
How do TNCs negatively impact opinions of global systems?
Human rights may be violated (UN) Environmental damage (Greenpeace) Tax avoidance (WTO)
78
How do TNCs positively impact product creation and development?
Creates new jobs indesign New technology development Creates jobs in manufacturing Improved reliability of products
79
How do TNCs negatively impact product creaion and devlopment?
Can cause increased price New laws/ regulations needed More secrecy with workers Creates social divide
80
How do TNCs positively impact global inequlity?
Jobs for people in NEEs/ LICs otherwise unemployed Brings global investments to NEEs Infrastructure development Contributes to economies
81
How do TNCs negatively impact global inequlity?
New products increase inequality Technology not availiable in LICs Prices of products can cause inequality Creates social divide
82
What are the millenium development goals?
8 goals put in place to be achieved in 2015, replaced by sustaianable development goals, with a deadlines of 2030 for 17 goals
83
How many millenium development goals were met?
1 out of 8
84
What is the UNDP?
United Nations Developmetn Programme
85
What is the role of the UNDP?
Advocates for change and connects countries to knowledge, experience and resources Helps countries develop strong policies, skills, partnerships and institutions so they can sustain this progress Create jobs, register votes and put disaster risk reduction plans in place
86
What is the UNEP?
United NAtions Environmental Programme
87
What is the role of the UNEP?
Co-ordinating organisations' environmental activies and assit developing contries in implementing environmentally sound practices and policies. Works with Greenpeace and World Bank/IMF
88
What is the WWSD?
World Summit on Sustainable Development
89
What is the role of the WSSD?
An intergovernmental conference on sustainable development focuses on direct action towards meeting difficult challenges, including conserving natural resources
90
What is the UNFCCC?
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
91
What is the role of the UNFCCC?
To support the global responses to the threat of climate change

Human Geography: Global Governance + Systems (22 decks)

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