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Human Geography: Global Governance + Systems > 🌍 3.2.1.1 - Globalisation > Flashcards

🌍 3.2.1.1 - Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is globalisation?

A

A process by which national economies, societies and culture have become increasingly integrated through the global network of trade, communications, transport and immigration

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2
Q

What is an economy of scale?

A

a proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production.

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3
Q

What are international flows of capital?

A

All financial transfers between companies for investment, trade or production

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4
Q

What are remittances?

A

Transfers of money from migrants to relatives back home

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5
Q

What is migration?

A

Generally now the outmigration of labour from poorer to richer nations e.g Poland to England

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6
Q

What is FDI?

A

Foreign Direct Investment.
Money or assets invested by TNCs in overseas enterprises, Either by merging with another company, setting up subsidiary companies or through shares

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7
Q

What are BRIC countries?

A

Brazil
Russia
India
China
Rapid economic advanaces during 1990s

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8
Q

WHat are MINT countries?

A

MExico
Indonesia
Nigeria
Turkey
Recently emerging economies after year 2000

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9
Q

What is repatriation of profits?

A

Sometimes knows as economic leakage.
TNCs will extract profits from abroad and bring back to their HQ

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10
Q

What is aid?

A

Either from NGOs, as bilateral agreements between 2 governments or via multinational organisations such as the UN which puts aid from many nations together

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11
Q

What is the IMF?

A

International Monetary Fund - which aims to allow economic stability and foster international trade

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12
Q

What are the impacts of flows of labour?

A
  • Most migrants have some level of education
  • Can afford to move, therefore not the very poorest in giving nation
  • Long term issues as people stop sending remittances after 2/3 generation s
    Inter-continental as well as long distance
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13
Q

What are flows of services?

A

An economic activity which is traded without the production of material goods

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14
Q

WHat are high level services?

A

Services to businesses, such as finance, advertising

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15
Q

What are low level services?

A

Services to consumers, such as banking, travel, communication

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16
Q

What are the impacts of flows of services? (2)

A
  • Easily traded in a globalised world, no location grounding, offices and call centres can be located anywhere
  • Low level services may be outsources to developing nations e.g call centres in India
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17
Q

What are the impacts of flows of products? (4)

A
  • Globalisation means more products need to be transported from place of manufacture and chosen market
  • Conmtainerisation make as shipments quick, easy, cheap
  • Removal of taxes and encouragement of global trade groups allows for greater levels of trade
  • Some objections caused by protectionism’s
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18
Q

What are flows of information?

A

Both migrants and technology allow flows of information, recent and historic migrants for multiculturalism and information sharing

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19
Q

What are factors in globalisation?

A
  • Communication development
  • Transport development
  • Financial development
  • Information systems
  • Security development
  • Trade agreements
  • Management systems
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20
Q

What are financial factors in globalisation?

A

Linked to technological developments as well as relaxed trade barriers allowed by governments, the movement of finances around them world has grown hugely

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21
Q

What is protectionism?

A

Putting barriers in place to prevent and reduce trade in order to maintain internal markets and own manufacturing industries

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22
Q

What is trade and finance liberalisation?

A

Groups such as WTO encouraging governments to remove tariffs and barriers to trade, to encourage free movement of goods

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23
Q

What is the world customs organisation?

A

An intergovernmental organisation noted for it work in areas covering the development of international conventions, instruments and tools on topics such as commodity classification, valuation, rules of origin etc

24
Q

What is the EU secure operator initiative?

A

Set up and run by the EU in order to ensure secure and reliable end supply chain for all goods and services

25
Q

HJow is air freight a factor in globalisation?

A

Faster, more places reached, fresh goods transported in large quantitates, anywhere in the world, cheap, ease of ordering goods

26
Q

How are cargo ships a factor in globalisation?

A

Shipping containers are standardise so can be transported universally, large quantities of goods can be transported easily, takes long time but cheap and easy form of transport

27
Q

How are warehouses and robotics a factor in globalisation?

A

Anything can be ordered from anywhere in the world and arrive potentially next day due to ease off robotics, less likely to make mistakes and very quick - robots run 24/7

28
Q

How are budget airlines a factor in globalisation?

A

Makes more places accessible for normal people, travel on a budget, competition between airlines increases the no of destinations around the world, encourages travel

29
Q

What are trade blocs?

A

A type of governmental agreement where regional barriers to (tariff + non-tariff) are reduced or eliminated among countries

30
Q

What are the advantages of trade blocs?

A
  • Allows trade between many countries
  • One economy, one workforce
  • Travel between countries is easy, free travel
  • Encourages growth of economics., risk sharing
  • Trade of services and people as well as goods
31
Q

What are the disadvantages of trade blocs?

A
  • Countries surrounded by trade blocs but not in them struggle to trade
  • Hinders development of countries out inside the trade bloc
  • Creates problems sharing, if one country suffers, all do
  • Uneven reward for input
  • Migration issues, often uncontrolled
  • Lack of national control and identity
32
Q

When did the volume of world trade first increase dramatically?

A

The late 19th century

33
Q

What aided world trade to increase in the 19th century?

A

Multinational banks and global pricing systems, as well as the invention of the telegraph

34
Q

By how much did global trade increase between 1870 and 1913?

A

It tripled

35
Q

How has internal migration affected China?

A

China has opened to international trade, most factory employees are from China’s rural exterior, moving to the cities for low-grade service and construction jobs

36
Q

How many rural migrants are there in China’s major cities?

A

150-200 million

37
Q

5 dimensions of globalisation?

A

Flows of information
Flows of capital
Flows of products
Flows of services
Flows of labour

38
Q

Flows of information 5 key points:

A

News, financial data
Email,internet, social media
People in different countires can communicate
Interconnected - learn about different cultures
Share ideas - development

39
Q

Flows of capital 4 key points

A

Money invested, historically within a country
FDI increased by nearly 4x in last 20 years
Deregulation of financial services
ICT investments encourage flows of capital

40
Q

Why was the Deregualtion of Financial Services a positive for flows of capital?

A

Money moved more easily across national boundaries for:
- Trade
- Investment
- Production

41
Q

Flows of products 4 key points

A

Historically made and sold in same country
Now made in LIC’s - reliance
Containerisation
WTO removal of taxes and tariffs encouraged global trade

42
Q

What reduces Flows of Products?

A

Protectionist economies

43
Q

Flows of Services 5 key points

A

IT = global banking
Footloose companies e.g call centres
Deregualtion of financial services means access to large markets
Low level services to LIC’s, cheap labour
High level services to HIC’S

44
Q

Flows of labour 4 key points

A

International - some level of wealth and education
Can lead to better working conditions
Can lead to worse conditions i.e Filipino builders in Saudi Arabia live in slums
Interconnected - mix of cultures, family all over the world

45
Q

Importance of marketing for TNC’s

A

Promoting and selling products everywhere
1 single market = 1 strategy
Economies of scale - cheaper - increase product
Brand awareness

46
Q

Why do TNCs marketing campaigns need regional adaptation? (2)

A

Different laws
Different cultural attitudes i.e alcohol

47
Q

5 factors affecting globalisation

A

Transport
Financial
Management and Information Systems
Communications
Security

48
Q

Factors affecting Globalisation : Transport

A

Containerisation
High speed rail and faster planes, people and products more around more quickly
Cars and infrastructure

49
Q

Factors affect train globalisation: Financial

A

Links to technological advanaces and relaxed trade barriers
Internet means a potential investor can research a company - informed decisions

50
Q

Factors affecting Globalisation: Management and Information Systems

A

Allowed companies to change how they manage themselves i.e R&D, manufacturing, sales rarely on same site
Instant communication
Global transfer of money

51
Q

FActors affecting Globalisation: Communications

A

Satellites first launched 1960’s - cheap wireless communication
Optic fibres - fast, almost instant communication
Rise on social media and instant messaging

52
Q

Factors affecting Globalisation: Security

A

Online security breaches cost £1.5 million each year in UK
Global trade increases global security as countries are less likley to go to war
World customs organisation - stays ahead of crime relating to movement of goods and services i.e illegal weapon trade, drug enforcement
EU secure operation initiative - important with the relaxed tariffs of the trade agreement, if too long movement of goods is slowed

53
Q

How many people live outside the country they were born in?

A

216 million

54
Q

Supply chain security

A
  • Focuses on risk management
  • Reduces risks of working with other organisations
  • Focus on physical threats like theft and cyber threats
55
Q

Bio security

A
  • reducing disease outbreaks
  • Controlling exports/ imports of animals
56
Q

Flows of labour

A

Movement of people from one country to another

Human Geography: Global Governance + Systems (22 decks)

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