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Z AQA GCSE Geography Case Study’s > 3.2.1 Section A: Urban Issues and Challenges - Freiburg Case Study on Sustainability > Flashcards

3.2.1 Section A: Urban Issues and Challenges - Freiburg Case Study on Sustainability Flashcards

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1
Q

What goal did Freiburg set up for sustainability and when?

A
  • in 1970 the German city of Freiburg set a goal of urban sustainability
  • while environmental concerns where important, the new approach had to consider also how the inhabitants were affected social and economically
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2
Q

What does social planning involve?

A
  • social planning takes into account people’s needs
  • it is important that people take part in decision making on things that will affect their lives
  • there is also a need to provide affordable homes
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3
Q

How do people in Freiburg get involved with social planning to make the city more sustainable?

A
  • people in Freiburg are involved in urban planning at both local and city level
  • possible sites for buildings are discussed and recommendations are made to the council
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4
Q

What have people done in Freiburg do to help the city be more sustainable?

A

local people can invest in renewable energy resources e.g. in 1 district they have invested £5 million+ in 9 windmills, 8 solar energy systems (one at the football stadium), a hydro-electric plant, and an energy conservation scheme at the local school

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5
Q

What does economic planning involve?

A
  • providing people with employment
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6
Q

How many environmental businesses are there in Freiburg and how many people are employed in them?

A

10,000+ people are employed in 1500 environmental businesses in the city (Freiburg’s solar valley)

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7
Q

How many people are employed in the solar technology industry in Freiburg and what do they do?

A

1000+ people employed in the solar technology industry producing advanced solar cells and the machinery to make them

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8
Q

How many people does the solar factory in Freiburg employ and what do they make?

A

solar factory employs 250 people making solar panels

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9
Q

How is Freiburg’s solar valley important internationally?

A
  • many solar institutions have their HQs in Freiburg, and the city hosts major European solar energy conferences
  • the Institute for Solar Energy Systems conducts research and has developed new systems for solar cooling and air conditioning
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10
Q

How can people get training to work in the solar panel industry in Freiburg?

A

A Solar Training Centre provides training in the skills needed for the new solar technology

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11
Q

What does environmental planning involve?

A
  • ensures that resources are not wasted and the environment is protected for future generations
  • one of the key strategies for making cities more sustainable is to reduce the amount of waste produced by re-using and recycling as much as possible
  • also involves the use of brownfield sites
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12
Q

How many corks does Freiburg recycle each yr?

A

1 million+ corks recycled each yr

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13
Q

What % of packaging waste is recycled in Freiburg each yr?

A

88%+ of packaging waste recycled

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14
Q

How many community collection points for recycling in Freiburg are there?

A

350 community collection points for recycling

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15
Q

How does Freiburg provide renewable energy for ______ houses?

A
  • a biogas digester for organic food and garden waste which is collected
  • provides energy for 28,000 homes from burning waste
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16
Q

By how much did Freiburg reduce its annual waste and in how much time?

A

reduced annual waste disposal from 50,000 tonnes to 14,000 tonnes in just 12yrs

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17
Q

What is the amount of non-recyclable waste per head (per year) that Freiburg has and what is Germany’s average?

A

90kg per head of non-recyclable waste per year (Germany’s average is 122kg)

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18
Q

What was the inner city district of Vauban in Freiburg built on?

A

on the site of a former army barracks

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19
Q

How many people does the district Vauban in Freiburg house and in what type of housing?

A

it now houses 5500 people in low energy buildings

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20
Q

How is greenery retained in the district Vauban in Freiburg?

A
  • all existing trees have been retained, with green spaces between the houses providing play areas for children
  • green roofs covered in vegetation that allows water to soak through which is then collected and reused
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21
Q

Where is Freiburg located?

A
  • in SW of Germany in Europe
  • Germany bordered by France on West and by Switzerland to the South
  • Freiburg close to these bordering countries
  • W of Munich and 280km away
  • SW of Berlin and approx 650km away from it
  • not near any bodies of water
  • located close to the Alps
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22
Q

What does Freiburg’s water system allow?

A

Freiburg’s water system allows rainwater to be retained, reused or to seep back into the ground

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23
Q

What encourages inhabitants of Freiburg to use water sparingly?

A

Financial incentives of inhabitants to use water sparingly

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24
Q

What do financial returns investors receive in Freiburg?

A

financial returns investors received free football season tickets

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25
Q

What encourages people to compost their waste and use textile nappies?

A

financial rewards are given to people who compost their green waste and use textile nappies

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26
Q

What does water conservation involve in the Vauban district in Freiburg?

A
  • collecting rainwater for use indoors
  • green roofs
  • pavements that allow rainwater to soak though
  • unpaved tramways
  • drainage wetlands
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27
Q

How does Freiburg want to be powered in 2050?

A

plans to be 100% powered by renewable energy in 2050

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28
Q

How does Freiburg have a sustainable energy supply?

A
  • energy saving
  • efficient technology
  • use of renewable energy sources
29
Q

How many trees have been planted in Freiburg and what effect does this have?

A

44,000 trees have been planted in parks and streets - reduces global warming as trees taken in CO2 reducing GHG effects, interception of rainwater reducing flood rick, people more in nature which improves mental health

30
Q

What % of Freiburg is forested and what effect does the have?

A

40% of the city is forested - reduces global warming as trees taken in CO2 reducing GHG effects, interception of rainwater reducing flood rick, people more in nature which improves mental health

31
Q

What % of trees are nature conservation and what % of trees are allowed to grow wild in Freiburg and what effect does this have?

A

56% of trees are nature conservation of which 50% is managed and 6% allowed to run wild - environmental sustainability creates new habitats and protects habitats from logging

32
Q

What types of trees and shrubs are planted in the parks and what effect does this have?

A

only native trees and shrubs are planted in the 600Ha of parks - (environmental sustainability) don’t have to adapt and less risk of endangerment and extinction of animals

33
Q

What % of wood is used for timber in Freiburg and how is this done sustainably?

A

40% of wood from city’s forests is used for timber but 75% grows back within a year - selective logging only specific trees are cut down giving smaller younger trees a chance to grow taller

34
Q

What is the River Dreisam allowed to do in Freiburg and what does this allow?

A

River Dreisam allowed to flow unmanaged to provide natural habitats for flora and fauna - (economically sustainable) as river doesn’t have to be constantly dredged which costs money

35
Q

Traffic congestion:

A

a traffic blockage

36
Q

Social reasons we need to reduce traffic congestion:

A
  • noise pollution
  • may cause respiratory disease - asthma, lung cancer
  • greater risk of accidents
37
Q

Economic reasons we need to reduce traffic congestion:

A
  • more money needs to be spent on fuel due to higher journey times
  • people later to work - less productive for the economy
38
Q

Environmental reasons we need to reduce traffic congestion:

A

pollution - more GHG’s released increasing the GHG affect which contributes to global warming

39
Q

What was % of pedestrians in 1982 compared to 2000 (est.) in Freiburg?

A
  • 1982: 35%
  • 2000 (est.): 24%
40
Q

What was % of cycle traffic in 1982 compared to 2000 (est.) in Freiburg?

A
  • 1982: 15%
  • 2000 (est.): 27%
41
Q

What was the % of public transport in 1982 compared to 2000 (est.) in Freiburg?

A
  • 1982: 11%
  • 2000 (est.): 20%
42
Q

What was the % of motor vehicles in 1982 compared to 2000 (est.) in Freiburg?

A
  • 1982: 39%
  • 2000 (est.): 29%
43
Q

How often does Freiburg update its ITS?

A

Every 10yrs

44
Q

Why do people use the tram network in Freiburg?

A

efficient, cheap and accessible public transport

45
Q

What are the fares like for the tram network in Freiburg?

A

low fares allow unlimited travel in the city and surrounding district

46
Q

How many km does the tram network in Freiburg cover?

A

covers 30km and connected 168km of city bus routes

47
Q

What can people use to go on public transport?

A

tickets for concerts/sports, events etc. valid for public transport

48
Q

What % of the population lives within ___ of a tram stop and how often does a tram arrive at a stop?

A

70% of population live within 500m of a tram stop with a tram every 8mins

49
Q

How many km of cycling paths are there and how many cycle spaces are there?

A

400km of cycling paths with 9000 parking spaces inc. ‘bike and ride’ facilities at railway and bus stations

50
Q

What restrictions are there on parking spaces in the Vauban district in Freiburg and how much does on parking space cost?

A

restrictions on car parking spaces, in Vauban district each one costs £20,000

51
Q

In Freiburg’s transport plan how many tram journeys does it want to be increased by in one yr and how many car journeys does it want to reduce?

A

tram journeys increased by 25,000+ in one yr, car journeys reduced by 30,000

52
Q

What is Freiburg’s car density and how does it compare to other German cities?

A

compared with other German cities Freiburg has a low car density with 500 cars per 1000 residents

53
Q

What has happened as a result of Freiburg’s transport plan?

A

tram journeys have increased by over 25,000 in one yr, while car journeys reduced by nearly 30,000

54
Q

What are the incentives/rewardsfor following traffic management in Freiburg?

A
  • low fares allow unlimited travel in the city and surrounding district
  • tram network covers 30km and is connected to the 168km of bus routes
  • any ticket for a concert, sports or other event is also valid for use on public transport
  • 70% of the population live within 500m of a tram stop with a tram every 8mins
55
Q

What are the punishments for not following traffic management in Freiburg?

A
  • restrictions on car parking spaces in Vauban district
    • each one in the Vauban districts costs £20,000
56
Q

What has happened as a result of traffic policies in Singapore?

A
  • 45% less traffic and 25% fewer accidents in the city centre
  • 2/3 of daily journeys are now all on public transport
  • traffic on the roads into the city centre has reduced by 40%
  • car ownership has declined by nearly 1% since 2000
57
Q

What are the incentives/rewards for following traffic management in Singapore?

A
  • development of an overhead railway system and efficient bus network
  • advanced electronic monitoring and control of traffic signals to keep traffic flowing
  • financial incentives for only using cars on weekends
58
Q

What are the punishments for not following traffic management in Singapore?

A
  • electronic road pricing on major roads
  • quota system to reduce the number of car owners
  • high petrol prices
  • high vehicle registration fees and strict requirements for obtaining a driving license
  • Government car sharing schemes
  • restricted entry to the city during rush hrs
59
Q

How many cars does Beijing have?

A

5 million cars

60
Q

What is the traffic like in Beijing?

A
  • city centre is often grid locked
  • congestion is predicted to get worse as number of cars on the roads continues to grow
61
Q

What was the world’s worst traffic jam that Beijing has had?

A
  • 2010 in Beijing
  • 100km+ long and lasting 11 days
62
Q

What have the restrictions for traffic management in Beijing resulted in?

A
  • 20% drop in car use
  • 12% drop in use of car parks in the city centre
  • building and widening roads has also resulted in an increased car use at the expense of cycling
63
Q

What are the incentives/rewards for following traffic management in Beijing?

A

expansion of the public transport system - 30 new metro lines and a rapid bus transit network to be built in 2020, the metro currently only serves 1/2 of Beijing’s population

64
Q

What are the punishments for not following traffic management in Beijing?

A
  • limiting car sales - only 20% of people who apply to own a vehicle are allowed to do so
  • restrictions on vehicle use - cars are banned from the city one day a week based on number plate system, non-residents can’t bring a car into the city
  • increased parking fees - congestion charge and pollution tax introduced to help improve air quality
65
Q

Sustainability:

A

meeting the needs of today without compromising the needs of tomorrow

66
Q

Social Sustainable Strategies:

A
  • conserving cultural, historical and environmental sites
  • involving local communities and providing a range of employment
  • providing green spaces
  • reducing the reliance on fossil fuels - rethink transport options
  • recycling water to conserve supplies
67
Q

Economic Sustainable Strategies:

A

involving local communities and providing a range of employment

68
Q

Environmental Sustainable Strategies:

A
  • minimising the use of Greenfield sites by using brownfield sites
  • conserving cultural, historical and environment sites and buildings
  • keeping the city waste within the capacity of local rivers and oceans to absorb them and making ‘sinks’ for the disposal of toxic chemicals
  • reducing the reliance on fossil fuels - rethink transport options
  • recycling water to conserve supplies
  • providing green spaces

Z AQA GCSE Geography Case Study’s (8 decks)

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