3.2.1 Section A: Urban Issues and Challenges - Bristol Case Study Flashcards
Bristol is the _____ city in the SW of England
Bristol is the largest city in the SW of England
When and why did Bristol develop?
Bristol developed in the 18th century as part of the triangular trade linking West Africa and the West Indies.
Where is Bristol located in England?
Bristol is in the SW of England
What does Bristol have surrounding it and what does this create?
it has smaller towns surrounding it like Bath, Swindon, Weston-Super-Mare, and Newport - together this makes the Bristol Urban Region
What physical features are found in and surrounding Bristol?
- to the city’s NE are the Mendip Hills and to the W is the River Severn which leads to the Bristol Channel
- the River Avon runs through the city to the Bristol Channel
What transport links does Bristol have?
- the city is served by several motorways, such as the M4 which connects to London and S Wales and the M5 which connects to Bristol and the SW of England
- an International Airport is found S of Bristol
How has Bristol’s industry changed?
there has been a change from dependence on traditional industry like tobacco and paper, to the development of global industries such as financial and business services, defences aerospace, technology, culture, and media
What has there been a high-level of investment in in Bristol?
there has been a high level of inward investment, including FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), in manufacturing (companies such as Airbus, BMW and Seimens), finance, and high-tech businesses
What is Bristol home to?
- Bristol is home to several theatres and music venues, including the famous Bristol Old Vic theatre
- It is home to Aardman the animators who created Wallace and Gromit
How many universities does Bristol have?
2
How many cathedrals does Bristol have and what are they called?
Bristol has 2 cathedrals - Bristol (Anglican) and Clifton (Roman Catholic) cathedrals
Where is the graffiti artist Banksy from and where can you see his artwork?
Graffiti artist Banksy is from Bristol, his work can still be seen at sites across the city - he occasionally pops home to do a new one too
How many major ports is Bristol home to and what are they called?
Bristol has two major docks, Avonmouth and Royal Portbury, and the UK’s most centrally located deep-sea container port
How popular in the UK is Bristol with foreign visitors?
Bristol is the UK’s 8th most popular city for foreign visitors
What attractions does Bristol have?
Attractions include Brunel’s ship SS Great Britain and Bristol Zoo
What was Bristol names by a survey fry Premier Inn ad why?
- Bristol was named most artistic city in the UK by a survey from Premier Inn
- considering the large number of museums, theatres, amount of live music gigs and the quantity of street art
What was Bristol named in 2017?
UK’s most environmentally friendly city
In 2008 Bristol was named the UK’s first what?
the UK’s 1st cycling city
What does Bristol have the largest concentration of outside of California?
Bristol has the largest concentration of silicon chip manufacture outside California
Is Bristol a fair-trade city? How many workers does Bristol trade fairly with and in how many developing countries?
- yes
- sees trading fairly with nearly 5m workers in 58 developing countries
Why does Bristol tract students from all over the world?
provides graduates for professional, managerial, and knowledge-based jobs
Where does Bristol airport link Bristol to?
Bristol airport links the city to major European centres and the USA
What award was Bristol the first UK city to be awarded and when?
European Green Capital in 2015
What oldest thing in the world was found in Bristol
Fossils of the oldest known dinosaur in Britain and one of the oldest in the world were found in Bristol
What was Bristol’s population in 2016?
440,500
What % & how many in Bristol’s population are white British?
approx. 75% of city is white-British - 333,432
What % & how many in Bristol’s population is non-white?
approx. 25% of city is non-White - 94,802
What does Bristol’s diversity in people improve and reduce?
- improves inclusivity
- more innovative ideas
- increase in diversity reduces number of clone towns (where every town looks the same) as new shops are created
What is the general age of Bristol’s population?
Bristol has a younger population mostly in 20s - 30s
Why does Bristol have a younger population (mostly in 20s - 30s)?
- older people generally don’t want to move to urban areas to retire
- lots of jobs
- generally younger people migrate to industrial cities with lots of jobs
- actively working population
- no problem on lack of people for jobs
What happened to Bristol’s population between 1851 - 1891 and why?
between 1851 - 1891 Bristol’s population doubled as people arrived looking for work
How much population growth in Bristol has migration accounted until 2015?
- until 2015 migration from abroad accounted for half of Bristol’s population growth
- this has included from large numbers of EU countries, in particular Poland and Spain
Provide examples of sectors that migrant workers are employe din:
- hospitality
- manufacturing
- construction
- retail
- health
- transport
What is different about the migration to Bristol compared to other peoples in the UK?
compared to elsewhere in the UK, a higher proportion of migrant coming to Bristol intend to stay permanently
What are the negatives of Internal/International migration to Bristol?
- overcrowding
- lack of spaces in school, overcrowding in schools, reduced quality of teaching
- more pressure on housing - not enough housing, pressure on employment
- challenge of integration into wider community
- the mainly young migrants help yo balance the age population
- the need to provide education for children whose 1st language isn’t English
- bigger NHS wait times - more strain on NHS resources
- traffic congestion
- challenges with integration
- sexism, homophobia, transphobia etc.
- culture clashes
What are the positives of Internal/International migration to Bristol?
- increase in diversity = more cultures = new ideas = enriching the city’s cultural life
- increase in businesses = increase in number of jobs = boost to local and national economy
- enriching the city’s cultural life
- the mainly young migrants help to balance the ageing population
- part of hardworking and motivated workforce
- increase in range of skills boosting economy, improving the level of skills where there are shortages
- contributing to both the local and national economy
- as well as migrants’ economic impact, migrants also contribute to the cultural life of the city in music, art, literature, and food
- Bristol’s large African and Afro-Caribbean population has had a significant impact and has created a strong sense of community spirit
- the St Paul’s Carnival attracts around 400,000 people each year
- its aim is to help improve relations between the European, African, Caribbean and Asian communities
What has Bristols large African and Afro-Caribbean population created?
a strong sense of community spirit
How many people does the St Paul’s carnival attract each year?
around 400,000 people each year
What is the aim of the St Paul Carnival in Bristol?
to help improve relations between the European, African, Caribbean and Asian communities
Internal Migration:
migration within a country
International Migration:
migration between countries
How is Bristol’s population changing?
Bristol’s population is growing rapidly
How is Bristol’s rail line to London changing?
the electrification of the rail line to London will reduce the journey time to just 70 minutes
How many people live within 50km of Bristol?
over 2 million people
What makes Bristol more accessible and connected
- its network of motorway, road, rail, and air connections has made it more accessible
- improvements to the area’s motorways and the opening of a Second River Severn crossing have increased Bristol’s connectivity
There are more people under __ than of ___ age in Bristol
There are more people under 16 than of pensionable age
There are more people under __ than of ___ age in Bristol
There are more people under 16 than of pensionable age
What are the social opportunities in Bristol?
- Cultural Opportunities
- Recreation and Entertainment
What does Bristol’s youthful population contribute to?
a vibrant underground music scene in addition to the usual range of nightclubs and bars
What does the Colston Hall have?
the Colston Hall has concerts and entertainment by major names in rock, pop, jazz, folk, world and classical music
What in Bristol provides a wide choice of entertainment and in the form of what?
the Colston Hall has concerts and entertainment by major names in rock, pop, jazz, folk, world and classical music
What is one cultural influence on Bristol?
cultural influences include diverse places to eat such as Indian, Chines, Japanese, Filipino, Thai, Malay, Korean, Polish, and Caribbean food
How many football teams does Bristol have and what are the names of them?
Bristol has two professional football teams, City and Rovers
Does Bristol have a rugby union?
yes it gas a successful rugby union team called Bristol Bears
What is Bristol the headquarters of?
the headquarters of Gloucestershire County Cricket
What are the sports teams in Bristol developing and why?
the sports teams in Bristol are developing their stadiums to provide a range of leisure and conference facilities
What were improved shopping facilities in Bristol needed to?
- reduce crime
- compete with other cities
- improve the environment
- attract employment
What affected shopping development in Bristol?
the out-of-town retail park at Cribbs Causeway affected the Broadmead shopping development in the city centre which had become outdated
What is the development that has been made to encourage people to come back to shopping in the CBD?
- pedestrianising the area and installing CCTV to improve safety
- providing a more attractive e shopping environment with new street furniture, floral displays, and landscaping
- the development of open street markets
- improving public transport into the centre e.g. park and ride
- promoting tourism to encourage greater spending, by making the nearby Old Market area of the city into a conservation area
When was the Cabot Circus in Bristol opened and how much did it cost?
this development opened in September 2008 at a cost of £500 million
How much of the Cabot’s Circus in Bristol do shops and leisure facilities tae up?
shops and leisure facilities take up two thirds of its floor space
What else is found in the Cabot Circus in Bristol (how many apartments)?
as well as shops there are offices, a cinema, a hotel and 250 apartments
How many people does the free-three day annual Harbourside Festival in Bristol attract?
around 300,000 spectators
Name the types of redevelopment in Bristol?
- Warehouse Conversions
- Hi-Tech Industries
What are warehouses in Bristol being converted to?
apartments
What does it mean if a building is listed at Grade II
can’t change outward appearance of buildings (beams, windows etc.)
Provide an examples of a site in Bristol being converted to apartments:
- The regeneration of the former gasworks site at Brandon Yard in Bristol’s Harbourside will provide 58 one, two and three bedroom stylish and sustainable apartments
The site has been derelict for nearly 40 years and contains the ruins of two Grade-II listed buildings, West Purifier House and Engine House
Why have hi-tech industries developed in Bristol?
- The major change in Bristol has been the growing number of people employed by hi-tech companies.
- There are 50 micro-electronic and silicon design businesses in the Bristol area- the largest concentration outside of California’s Silicon Valley.
Why might hi-tech businesses move to Bristol?
- there are two well-respected Universities meaning more hi-tech business may come to Bristol as they may be looking for young, innovative people and the Universities would’ve definitely had courses in tech
- highly educated workforce - meaning more people suitable to work in tech business
- a government grants of £100m to become a super-connected city
- the Bristol and Bath science park at Emerson’s Green
- An attractive and non-polluted environment - can set up business in a good, safe location
Name four hi-tech industries found in Bristol:
- Aardman Animations
- Defence Procurement Agency (DPA)
- Filton Enterprise Area
- Aerospace Industry
Where is Aardman Animations based?
based in Bristol
When was Aardman Animations set up?
in 1972
What has Aardman Animations become well-known for?
studio has become well-known for its films using stop-motion clay animation techniques e.g Wallace and Gromit
When did Aardman Animations enter the computer animation market and after what?
after making some experimental films in the late 1990s, it entered the computer animation market
What have Aardman Animation’s films won?
its films have won an Oscar and many other awards
How has Aardman Animations provided economic opportunities to Bristol on a local scale?
- brings recognition - studio has become well-known for its films using stop-motion clay animation techniques e.g Wallace and Gromit = more jobs
- more sustainable
How has Aardman Animations provided economic opportunities to Bristol on a local scale?
- brings recognition - studio has become well-known for its films using stop-motion clay animation techniques e.g Wallace and Gromit = more jobs
- more sustainable
How has Aardman Animations provided economic opportunities on a national scale?
the studio’s films are viewed all over the country - provides jobs in many other industries as well across the country, directly or indirectly linked
What challenges might Aardman Animation create in Bristol?
- increase in people working for / with Aardman animations = housing needs increased, public services strained, more facilities necessary
- Aardman Animations puts small local animators out of business as people would go to a more recognised Animation Studio
Where and when was the Defence Procurement Agency set up
established on a Greenfield site in 1996
What was government policy for some time (Defence Procurement Agency)?
for some time, it has been government policy to decentralise agencies away from London
How many people does the Ministry of Defence Procurement Agency (DPA) employ?
10,000+ people
How many people does the Ministry of Defence Procurement Agency (DPA) employ?
10,000+ people
How has the Defence Procurement Agency (DPA) provided economic opportunities on a national scale?
- supplies the army, Air Force and navy with everything they need from boots to aircraft carriers - means the country doesn’t have to import its things from other countries which can be less reliable
What challenges might/has the Defence Procurement Agency (DPA) create(d) in Bristol?
- as the number employed by the DPA increases, there was need for more housing
- the development is an example of the link between economic opportunities and urban change
What has the Defence Procurement Agency contributed to in Bristol?
contributed to the city’s urban sprawl, Bradley Stoke, with a population of over 21,000+, was Europe’s largest private housing development when building commenced in the late 1980s
What have developments like the Filton Enterprise Area become?
have become established hubs for cutting-edge aviation technology
What does the Filton Enterprise Area produce?
the area produces parts for aircrafts, as well as electronic system such as those for communication and navigation
What ___ year tradition is there for the aircraft industry in Bristol?
there is a 100-year tradition for the aircraft industry in Bristol
How has the Filton Enterprise Area provided economic opportunities on a local scale?
- there is a 100-year tradition for the aircraft industry in Bristol and this is supported by world-class aerospace course at local universities
- employs local people
- provides a good career in the aerospace industry
How has the Filton Enterprise Area provided economic opportunities on a national scale?
improves communication and navigation technology - the area produces parts for aircrafts, as well as electronic system such as those for communication and navigation = means country doesn’t have to import its communication and navigation technology from other countries which can be less reliable
What challenges might Filton Enterprise Area create in Bristol?
- noise pollution from machinery
- CO2 emissions (GHG)
- ruins local environment
when and where was the aerospace industry set up in Bristol?
- aviation industry set up in North Bristol in 1910
What is the 1st airplane factory in Bristol to be set up on?
to be set up on a commercial basis
How many of the 15 main global aircraft companies are found in the Bristol region? provide examples:
- 14 of the 15 main global aircraft companies are found in the Bristol region (inc. Rolls-Royce, Airbus and GKN aerospace)- provides lots of local jobs
- supply chain have grown up in the region to supply these hi-tech industries
How has the Aerospace Industry provided economic opportunities on a national scale?
- large amounts of competition keeps prices low and cheap - more jobs
- 14 of the 15 main global aircraft companies are found in the Bristol region (inc. Rolls-Royce, Airbus and GKN aerospace)- provides lots of local jobs
- supply chain have grown up in the region to supply these hi-tech industries
What challenges might the Aerospace Industry create in Bristol?
- doesn’t directly benefit Bristol
- takes out opportunities from less developed industries
- increase in people working for / with Aerospace Industries = housing needs increased, public services strained, more facilities necessary
What are some environmental issues that Bristol might experience as a result of urban change?
- air pollution - as more cars on road due to population increase
- water pollution
- too much waste production e.g. not disposing of waste correctly - not recycling
- traffic congestion increases carbon emissions, reduces air quality and increases transport costs for the industry
Bristol invested £__ in _____ sustainable projects
- £2m invested in 189 sustainable projects
How many businesses signed onto GoGreen in Bristol?
200 business signed onto GoGreen
How many businesses signed onto GoGreen in Bristol?
200 business signed onto GoGreen
how many people attended Green Youth Day in Bristol?
1000 people
How many primary school children have a planted a tree in Bristol for the “tree per child” program and how many are set to be planted?
“tree per child” - 36,000 British Primary School children to plant trees , 10,000 have done that so far
How many local organisers are a part of ‘Green Capital’ in Bristol?
800 local organisers now part of ‘Green Capital’
How many people and businesses attended VentureFest in Bristol?
1600 people and 1000+ business attended VentureFest
By how much is Bristol trying o increase its use of renewable energy?
increase the use of renewable energy from 2% (2012)
By how much is Bristol trying o increase its use of renewable energy?
increase the use of renewable energy from 2% (2012)
What Bristol is trying to do to become a greener city?
- reduce water pollution by improved monitoring and maintenance
- establish an Air Quality Management plan to monitor air pollution
- increase the use of brownfield sites for new businesses and housing
How much is Bristol trying to reduce energy uses by and CO2 emissions by 2020 and how will they do this?
- establish an Air Quality Management plan to monitor air pollution
- improve energy efficiency
What is Bristol’s 2020 plan?
- transport improvements
- improved energy efficiency
- development of renewable energy
By how much is Bristol trying to increase the number of jobs in low-carbon industries by 2030?
Bristol plans to increase the number of jobs in low-carbon industries from 9,000 to 17,000 by 2030
How much as recent annual growth in the city’s Greene economy as high as?
4.7%
What did Bristol do in 2015 during its first year as European Green Capital?
- 175 businesses created a green action plan
- major events included an international festival on leadership in green technology and an international competition to develop mobile apps and environmental awareness games
- the first 100 electric car charging points were installed in the city
- every primary pupil in Bristol planted a tree to improve the city’s green coverage
Integrated Transport System (ITS):
- an ITS connects different methods of transport, with the intention of making journeys smoother
- this makes transport more sustainable , as weak as reducing traffic congestion
What does an Integrated Transport System (ITS) aim to do?
aim is to encourage people tos witch from using cars to public transport
In 2012 what was Bristol out of the whole of the UK?
in 2012 Bristol was the 2nd most congested city in the UK
How much longer is a journey during rush hours in Bristol compare to other items in the day?
a journey during rush hours too about a third longer that at other times of the day
What % of people does Bristol have travelling by walking nd cycling?
even so, Bristol has a higher % of people walking and cycling than any other city in the UK (57%)
What did Bristol aim to do by 2020 for the number of cyclists?
it aimed to double the number of cyclists by 2020
How will an ITS (Integrated Transport System help improve the city economy and help develop the city?
- ITS links different forms of transport with the city and surrounding areas
- the development of an ITS (Integrated Transport System will improve accessibility to, and within, the city
- this should reduce transport congestion, reduce transport costs and so improve the profitability of the city’s industries and increase the employment opportunities within Bristol
How will an ITS (Integrated Transport System help improve the city economy and help develop the city?
- ITS links different forms of transport with the city and surrounding areas
- the development of an ITS (Integrated Transport System will improve accessibility to, and within, the city
- this should reduce transport congestion, reduce transport costs and so improve the profitability of the city’s industries and increase the employment opportunities within Bristol
Why is it important for the ITS (Integrated Transport System to cover the city and surrounding areas?
- ITS links different forms of transport with the city and surrounding areas
- the development of an ITS (Integrated Transport System will improve accessibility to, and within, the city
- this should reduce transport congestion, reduce transport costs and so improve the profitability of the city’s industries and increase the employment opportunities within Bristol
What re the social benefits of cycling?
- lower levels of obesity
- good form of daily exercise
- positive mental health and less stress
- reduced sick leave and time off work
- better health
- improved access to shops an services
- more people on the street make them feel safer
- quick and reliable form of transport
What are the environmental benefits of cycling?
- reduced air pollution
- reduces GHG emissions e.g. reduces CO2 emissions
For every £1 invested inc cycling how much more goes into the local economy in Bristol?
for every £1 invested in cycling £4 goes into the local economy
What is an economic benefit of cycling?
boosts tourism
What different forms of transport are linked in Bristol’s ITS (Integrated Transport System)?
- cycling
- walking
- public transport
- bus
- train
How successful is the ITS (Integrated Transport System)?
- quite successful as it has:
- reduced traffic congestion
- smoother connections
- reduced GHG emissions
How many bus routes does the Bristol Bus Rapid Transit Network and what places does it link?
consists of 3 bus routes linking the main Temple Meads railway station with the city’s Parka and Ride sites
When did construction on the Bristol Bus Rapid Transit Network start?
construction on the network started in early 2015
When did the first services of the Bristol Bus Rapid Transit Network start opening?
the first services started opening in 2018
Why is Park and Ride important (in Bristol)?
reduces congestion leading into centre of city
What is Bristol planning to do to develop its railway lines and what will this do?
- make new rail improvements, including: electrification of the line to London
- electrification will mean greener transport
- more reliable journeys
- improved connection across Southern England and South Wales
How much of Bristol is open space?
1/3 of Bristol is open space
What % of the population lives with ___ of parklands or waterways?
90% + of the population lives within 350m of parkland or waterways
How many nature reserves and how many parks are there ein Bristol
8 nature reserves and 300 parks