3.1.2.3 Environment - Case Studys Flashcards
What is the highest point on the Trans-Alaskan pipeline?
4739 ft above sea level
How many barrels of oil did the Trans-Alaskan pipeline transport to be exported in the port of Valdez?
226,000,000 barrels of oil
How much did the Trans-Alaskan pipeline cost to build?
$8bn to build
How long is the Trans-Alaskan pipeline?
800mi long
Why the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline was needed?
- The Trans-Alaskan Pipeline was needed as the largest stores of oil in the USA was found in Prudhoe bay in 1968.
- Unable to be feasibly reached by any other methods (e.g. tanker) the pipeline was the best way to transport the oil to a far away port
How has the Trans-Alaskan pipeline been modified to fit with the environment?
- built in a zig-zag so it can withstand movement from earthquake tremors
- built above ground so it doesn’t melt permafrost
- the flow of oil in the Trans-Alaskan pipeline can be shut down and isolated within 15mins if a leak or blockage is detected
How many barrels of oil can the Trans-Alaskan pipeline transport per day?
can transport up to 1.4mil barrels of oil a day
Advantages of the Trans-Alaskan pipeline:
- can transport up to 1.4mil barrels of oil a day
- revenue collected from oil means cities of Alaska pay reduced taxes
- trucks can only pass Prudhoe bay 10 weeks of the years, it is too dangerous otherwise - the pipeline allows oil to pass all year
Disadvantages of the Trans-Alaskan pipeline:
- the pipeline can stop the migration of Caribou - a common species to Alaska
- the pipeline is an environmental eyesore
- the temp of oil could cause permafrost to melt, the could cause subsidence and the pipeline could collapse - a major disaster
Why is the Tundra so fragile?
- Tundra vegetation takes a long time to be established
- relatively minor developments such as construction a footpath can have serious long-term effects
- tundra is a fragile environment and can take a very long time to recover from any damage that is done by human activity
If you stand on the ground in the tundra how long would your footprint stay there?
10years
Where were tire tracks in the Tundra found?
Alaska’s Wrangelli- St. Elias National Park
What happened in Alaska’s Wrangelli- St. Elias National Park?
- off-road vehicles have left deep tire tracks in the swampy tundra
- over time, as other vehicles skirt the muddy pool
- damage extends over a large area
Why were there tire tracks found in the tundra in Alaska?
- off-road vehicle driving is a popular tourist activity in the Alaskan wilderness
- people may be hunting for wild animals or simply want to travel to a remote area for walking or fishing
When did the tire tracks in Alaska become made?
- most off-road driving takes place in the Summer when the snow has melted
- warmer temps melt the upper surface of the soil (active layer) making it extremely soggy
How does industry affect cold environments?
- cold environments have rich reserves of oil, gas and other precious minerals such as gold
- oil and gas in particular are in high demand as a source of energy and countries are keen to exploit these resources, roads have to be constructed through forests and across the tundra and supply bases built
- housing for 100s of workers also needs to be constructed
- all of this can have huge impact on environment
What are some environmental issues with drilling for oil in cold environments?
- trees killed by oil spill
- risk of fire, either started deliberately or by lightning strike
- river has become polluted and is now totally lifeless
- river edge habitats polluted and destroyed - the vegetation may never recover
- electricity pylons will have resulted in tree clearance and environmental damage
What are some local challenges of drilling for oil im Alaska?
- oil is being extracted in a National Park, an area protected by law
- citizens do not pay any state tax
- the nature of the environment in Alaska means the Trans-Alaskan pipeline is fragile
- store of oil will run out
At one point at what rate was oil being extracted form the North Slope Reserve?
2mil barrels per day
How many barrels of oil do BP experts think is left in the North Slope Reserve alone?
2mil barrels of oil left in North Slope Oil Reserve alone - when it runs out lots of jobs will be lost
What are some International challenges of drilling for oil in Alaska?
- oil is a non-renewable finite source of energy
- when oil in countries run out, countries the oil was being exported to will be negatively affected
- decrease in tourism because oil pipelines are an environmental eyesore
How many jobs are created through drilling for oil in Alaska?
- increase job prospect 44,800 people employed in oil
How many additional jobs do every oil and gas job generate?
every direct oil and gas job generates 20 additional jobs
What are some local opportunities in drilling for oil in Alaska?
- creates more jobs
- increase demand for housing, helps to boost construction industry
- no taxation allows standard of living to increase, along with personal wealth - this helps to increase spending - a multiplier effect
- charities and NGO’s benefit from generous donations each year
- investment in the future, Alaskans are paid dividends, meaning future generations benefit whether they are involved in oil or not