3.2 To what extent did president Franklin D Roosevelt fail to improve race relations? Flashcards
By the 1930s, racial seg had become a …….. feature of American life, not just in the ….. states
Dominant
Southern
Define De jure seg and De facto seg
De Jure = specific laws passed by state and city gov which created sep facilities for B.A
De Facto = provision of sep facilities for B.A by private organisation or citizens in areas such as housing
Legal (de jure) racial segregation?
National Level = Us armed forces were racially segregated. Lasted until 1948
State Level = ‘Equal but seperate’ , eduation, national parks, transport, marriage, waiting rooms
Example and explain where jim crow laws were enforcing racial seg?
Former confed states
State of ALABAMA law = no white female nurse were allowed to nurse inw ards or rooms in hspitals where black aerican men were placed.
+ Railway stations = sep waiting rooms were provided for B +YT travellers + sep railway carriages.
Even outside former confed states, B.A faced racial discrimination. The mountain state of ….. which called itself ‘…. …. …..’, outlawed …….. between races.
Wyoming
‘The Equality State’
Intermarriage
How can u support thet statement ‘ legal seg affected the majority of black Americans’
79% still lived in the old south in the 1930s
Legal segregation encouraged the removal of ….. ….., so that B.A would have no chance of improving the situation. It (de jure) also implicity encouraged ….. against Black americans if they were seen to. be challenging the …. ….
Voting rights
Violence
Statues quo
What would happen if de Facto seg rules were threatene?
Violence, e.g. Race Riots in Chicago, Washington, Tulsa were prompted by fears that b.A were challenging their second class status
De factor resulted in inequalitites in housing over time has meant…..?
Reduced opportunities and the creation of ghettos. Inequalities in work has led to an economic imbalance, with B.A earning significantly less that white American. E.g Average income 1960 ytx2 B.A
Percentage of African American population living in the American South in 1970?
53%
How ere B.A prevented frm voting?
Through literacy tests exluded 60% pop of B.A in southern states being illiterate, poll tax white primaries, Grandfathr clause (Louisiana) in 1898 (overntuned by SC 1915 as unconsititional), legal restrition reineforced by violence and threat from KKK (1920s lynching major social problem)
Who was involved in campaighns for anti-lynching legisaltion??
🕳 NAACP + Association of southern women for the prevention of Lynching
🕳 Commisssion on interracial Cooperation set up in 1919. Published ‘the Tragedy of Lynching’ in 1933
🕳 Some Democrats e.g Josepgh Gavagan represented B.A area of Harlem.
What attempts were there to pass an qnti-lynching act? (By who, how many bills, who did the billl want to punish, what happened by 1937)
🛑 Dyer Bill failed to pass.
🛑 NAACP saw Roosevelts’s suess and the new Deal as ideal opportuinity - Tried to introduce 2 bills. Got libereal democrat senators (Wagner and Costigan) to support them (liberal northern democrats)
📛 Bill wanted to punish state officals who failed to act against mobs involved in lynching. Officals would face Gaol or a $5000 fine. Compensation of $10,000 for victims of their family.
‼️‼️ 1937 Gavagan BILL DEAFEATED IN SENATE ( due to southern democracts)
Why did attempts at passing ant-lynching bill fail?
🚩President Roosevelt’s inaction and powerlessness
= Unwilling to challenge southern democrats - needed their support for other New deal Leg = Remained silent about issue of lynching.
🏴Entrenched attitudes
= Entrenched racisr attitudes = e.g. arguemtents against the bill = Would encourgae black men to thnk they could rape white women. Would break the spirit of the old South. = would lead to social equality
🏴☠️ THE ACTIONS OF SOUTHERN YT DEMOCRATS IN CONGRESS
= Southern opposition in the senate, e.g. filibustering = adjourned with no decision. Ruined chances of both bills in 1934 & 35. Fillilbustering in senate also ended the chance of the 1937 Gavange Bill and in 1940 when re-introduced ( bill tended to pass in the house of reps)
1922 Dyer Bll had also failed due to filibustering of southern demo innn congress
Filibuster
A tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by aking long speeches -
