Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Renal > 3.2: Male Genital Tract > Flashcards

3.2: Male Genital Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Name the tumours of the penis?

A

Sqaumous Carcinoma

Bowen’s disease - carcinoma in situ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe squamous carcinoma-in-situ of the penis?

A

Two types:

  1. Appears as a dry crust on the penile skin

Called Bowen’s disease

  1. Red velvetly appearance on glans

Called Erythroplasia of Queyrat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe erythroplasia of Queyrat?

A

This a red velvety appearance of glans of the penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the histological features of Bowen’s disease and Erythroplasia of Queyrat?

What % of these areas of carcinoma in situ go on to develop squamous carcinoma?

A
  • Full thickness dysplasia

5% of these go on to become squamous carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe Squamous Carcinoma of the penis?

  • Where is it common?
  • Who does this occur in?
  • Protective factors?
A

Uncommon in the UK - high incidence like latin america, africa, far east

Uncircumcised men (almost exclusively)

Early circumsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Aetitology of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis?

A
  • Poor hygeine (accumulation of chemicals)
  • HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does squamous carcinoma of the penis affect?

Describe the lesion seen in SCC of the penis?

A

Glans or Prepuce

Ulcerated and deeply invasive mass

OR Exophytic mass (like a caluiflower)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe squamous cell carcinoma of the scrotum?

A

Similar to SCC of the penis

First historical example of occupational exposure having carciogenic effect (Seen in chimneysweeps)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does this photo show?

A

Advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the penis

  • Shows ulcerated area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Virtually all of the malignant tumours in the penis are…?

(What type)

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe Benign Nodular Hyperplasia of the Prostate (BNHP)

A

This is a common disorder

Causes irregular proliferation of the glandular and stromal prostatic glandular tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How common in Benign Nodular Hyperplasia of Prostate?

A

Very common

75% of men over 70 are affected

Although only 5% of these men have significant symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Aetiology of Benign Nodular Hyperplasia of Prostate?

A

Hormone imbalance

As men get older, androgen decreases

Oestrogen levels remain constant

Change in the androgen/oestrogen level though to be important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which part of the prostate is invovled in BNHP?

Relate this to hormones?

A

The central part of the prostate gland

More responsive to oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In BNHP there is bladder sphincter mechanism disturbance. Describe how?

A

Either:

  • Physical Obstruction

(Enlarged tissue mass)

  • Physiological Interference

(In/around peri-urethral glands at the internal urethral meatus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Symptoms of benign nodular hyperplasia of the prostate are collectively called?

List the symptoms?

A

Prostatism

  • Difficulty in intiating micturition
  • Poor stream
  • Overflow incontinence (bladder doesn’t fully empty)

Most often have chronic urinary retention although there can be acute urinary retention (emergency)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the complications of benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia?

A
  • Bladder hypertrophy which can lead to diverticulae formation

If untreted - hydroureter, hydronephrosis, kidney infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Treatment of benign nodular prostatitic hyperplasia?

A

Alpha Blockers

5 Alpha Reductase Inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Is benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia a pre-malignant condition?

A

No

It does not increase likelihood of developing cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the photo show?

A

Bladder with benign nodular hyperplasia

Prostate can be seen acting as an obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe carcinoma of the prostate?

  • Common or rare?
  • How common is it compared to other cancers?
  • Who does it affect?
A

This is common

One of the most common cancer causes of death (Joint 1st with lung cancer)

Tumour of elderly males - rare before 50yrs, peak between 60-80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe link between family history and prostate cancer?

A

Those with a 1st degree relative who had prostate cancer (especially if they were young) have an increased risk

23
Q

Describe the link between BNHP and prostate cancer?

A

They are not linked (Eg: one does not cause the other)
HOWEVER both occur in the same gland

24
Q

What condition does this photo show?

Describe it?

A

Benign Hyperplasia of the Prostate

‘Tree like’ proliferation of glandular tissue with increase in the amount of stroma

25
Q

What part of the prostate does prostate carcinoma develop in?

What part of the prostate does benign nodular hyperplasia develop in?

A

Prostate Carcinoma: Periperhal parts of prostate

Hyperplasia: Central

26
Q

Link the location of where prostate carcinoma develops to the stage and symptoms?

A

Prostate carcinoma develops in central

Late stage affects the periphery

This can cause symptoms of obstruction

SO: Symptoms don’t present until late stage

27
Q

Symptoms of prostate carcinoma present very early.

True or False?

A

False - they often present late as the carcinoma doesn’t reach prostate periphery until late stage

Most have advanced stage and metastasis

28
Q

Describe latent carcinoma of the prostate?

A

Microscopic cancer foci is found often during autosopy of elderly men

A large number of elderly men will have prostate cancer but it causes no symptoms

29
Q

Do most elderly people do OF prostate carcinoma or WITH prostate carcinoma?

A

Most die with prostate carcinoma

It is the latent form and not causing any symptoms - most don’t even know they have it.

30
Q

Treatment for an 85 year old male with a small foci of prostate cancer on biopsy?

A

Wouldn’t treat

Unlikely to be clinically significant

Would treat if he was 50

31
Q

How does prostate carcinoma spread?

A

Local: Urethral infilitration, pelvic cavity infiltration, bladder infiltration, rectum infilitration

Lymphatic: To sacral, iliac and para-aortic nodes (early)

Blood: Bone, Liver, Lungs

32
Q

Describe the appearance of metastatic prostate cancer to the bone?

A

Osteosclerotic Bone Lesions

(Denser than normal bone)

Charactertisitic of prostate cancer

33
Q

Diagnosis of prostate cancer?

A
  • Rectal Examination

Craggy, hard, irregular prostate

Imaging:

Ultrasound, Skeletal X-Rays, Bone Scans (for mets)

Biochemical:

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) - most prostate cancers have a rise in PSA

Biopsy (definitive diagnosis)

34
Q

What does this photo show?

A

Prostate Cancer Metastatic

(Osteosclerotic Lesions)

Lumbar Vertebrae

35
Q

Treatment of prostate carcinoma?

Which is the best treatment?

A
  • Hormonal Therapy (Especially in advanced cases and males - Anti-androgens (Eg: Oestrogen)
  • Radiotherapy - Bony metastases
  • Surgery - Radical Prostectomy

BEST IS RADICAL PROSTECTOMY

36
Q

Describe testicular tumours?

  • How common?
  • Who?
  • How often does it cause death?
  • Risk factor?
A

Relatively uncommon although increasingly incidence

Most common solid organ malignancy in young men

Causes about 1% of all cancer deaths

Undescended testicals increases risk

37
Q

Symptoms of testicular tumours?

A

Painless Testicular Enlargement

38
Q

What should you suspect in a painful testicular swelling?

A

Infection

Torsion

NOT TUMOURS

39
Q

What can testicular tumours be associated with?

A

Hydroceles

Gynacomastia

Systemic effects of malignant disease

40
Q

Classification of testicular tumours?

A

Germ Cell Tumours - Most common (90%)

Others - (10%)

Paratesticular Tumours

41
Q

Name the germ cell tumours?

A

Seminoma

Teratoma

Mixed

42
Q

Name the other tumours of the testicles?

A

Leukemia

Lymphoma

Metastases

43
Q

Describe seminoma?

  • Age range?
  • Seen before puberty?
  • Appearance?
  • Histology?
A

Commonest of the germ cell tumours

Peak age range is 30-50

Never seen before puberty

Cut surface of a potato

Abundant large clear cells

44
Q

Who would a conventional seminoma appear in?

Who would a spermatocytic seminoma appear in?

A

Conventinal = Young to middle aged

Spermatocytic = Elderly

45
Q

Treatment of a Seminoma?

Prognosis?

A

Radiotherapy

Very sensitive - 95% are cured even with extensive metastatic spread

46
Q

Describe spread of seminoma?

A

Lymphatic to para-aortic lymph nodes

Often massive tumours

Can spread via blood to lungs

47
Q

What does this photo show?

A

POTATO LIKE TUMOUR

Seminoma

48
Q

Describe the second most common germ cell tumour?

What does this derive from?

A

Teratoma

Derived from all germ cell lines

49
Q

Teratoma:

  • Peak incidence?
  • Seen before puberty?
  • Appearance?
A

20-30 year old males

Can be seen before puberty

Various appearance - solid malignant areas, cystic areas, areas of necrosis

50
Q

What does this picture show?

A

Teratoma Tumour

51
Q

What biochemical markers are seen in Seminomas?

A

PLAP

(Placental Alkaline Phosphatase)

52
Q

What biochemical markers are seen in teratomas?

A

AFP

(Alpha Feta-Protein)

bHCG (Beta HCG)

53
Q

Describe a mixed seminoma/teratoma?

A

This a seminoma with any of the types of teratoma

54
Q

Describe the use of biochemical markers in testicular tumours?

A
  • Used to assess tumour activity
  • Used to assess effectiveness of treatment
  • Used to look for recurrence

Renal (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions