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Renal > 1.1: Physiology 1 > Flashcards

1.1: Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The concentration of osmotically active particles present in a solution

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2
Q

What are the units for osmolaRity?

A

osmol/l or mosmol/l

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3
Q

What units are used when describing the osmolarity of body fluids?

A

Mosmol/l (Milli-osmoles per litre)

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4
Q

The osmolarity can be calculated if two factors are known.

What two factors?

A

Molar concentration of the solution

The number of osmotically active particles in the solution

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5
Q

What is the osmolarity of 150mM of NaCl?

A

Molar concentration = 150mM (150mmol/l)
Number of osmotically active particles = 2 (Na+, Cl-)
Osmolarity = 300mosmol/l

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6
Q

What is the osmolarity of 100mM of MgCl2?

A

Molar concentration = 100mM (100mmol/l)
Number of osmotically active particles = 3 (Mg+, 2 x Cl-)
Osmolarity = 300mosmol/l

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7
Q

What are the units for osmolaliLty?

A

Osmol/kg of water

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8
Q

What is the osmolarity of body fluids?

A

Around 300mosmol/l

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9
Q

What is tonicity?

A

This is the effect that a solution has on the volume of a cell placed in the solution

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10
Q

Describe what happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

Water moves into the cell

Causes increase in cell volume

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11
Q

Describe what happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

Water moves out of the cell

Causes decrease in cell volume

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12
Q

Describe what happens to a cell placed in an isotonic solution?

A

Water moves through the cell membrane however there is no overall net movement of water

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13
Q

Describe what happens to a red blood cell in an isotonic solution?

A

No change

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14
Q

Describe what happens to a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

Cell Lysis and decrease in cell volume

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15
Q

Describe what happens to a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

Increased cell volume

Cell bursting

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16
Q

What happens when red blood cells are placed in urea?

What happens when red blood cells are placed in sucrose?

A

Red blood cells burst in urea

Red blood cells do not change volume in sucrose

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17
Q

What is the osmolarity of urea and sucrose?

A

300mosmol/l

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18
Q

If urea and sucrose have the same osmolarity, why do they have different effects on red blood cells?

A

The red blood cell membrane is very permeable to urea
- Urea molecules move in, water follows, cell bursts
The red blood cell membrane is very impermeable to sucrose
- Sucrose molecules don’t move in, water doesn’t move, no change to cell volume

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19
Q

How much of total body weight is water in males?

In females?

A

In males, water makes up about 60% of the body weight

In females, water makes up about 50% of the body weight

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20
Q

Why do females have a lower percentage of their body weight made up from water?

A

They have a higher fat percentage in their bodies
Fat cells contain less water
Therefore more fat and less water

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21
Q

Total body water exists as two compartments - what?

A

Extracellular Fluid Compartment

Intracellular fluid

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22
Q

What percentage of the total body water is extracellular?

A

33%

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23
Q

What percentage of the total body water is intracellular?

A

67%

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24
Q

What separates extracellular fluid from intracellular fluid?

A

Plasma Membrane

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25
Q

What is extracellular fluid composed of?

A

Interstitial Fluid
Plasma
Lymph and transcellular fluid

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26
Q

What percentage of extracellular fluid is interstitial fluid?

A

80%

27
Q

What percentage of extracellular fluid is plasma?

A

20%

28
Q

What percentage of extracellular fluid is lymph/transcellular

A

Negligible

29
Q

How do you measure the fluid in the body fluid compartments?

A

Using tracers

30
Q

Which tracer is used to measure ECF?

A

Inulin

31
Q

Which tracer is used to measure Total Body Water (TBW)?

A

3H20 (Tritiated water)

32
Q

Which tracer is used to measure plasma?

A

Labelled albumin

33
Q

If we can’t use a tracer to measure ICF, how do you work it out?

A

Use a tracer for TBW and ECF

ICF = TBW - ECF

34
Q

What are the inputs of fluid?

A

Food
Fluid
Metabolism

35
Q

What is the biggest input of fluid?

A

Drinking fluids

36
Q

What are the outputs of fluid?

A 
Skin
Lungs
Faeces
Sweat
Urination
37
Q

What is the biggest output of fluid?

A

Urination

38
Q

What is the total fluid input/fluid output per day?

A

2500ml

39
Q

What are the two types of fluid output?

A

Insensible - Lungs, Skin (No physiological control over)

Sensible - Sweat, Faeces, Urination

40
Q

Roughly, how much urine do the kidneys produce per day?

Per minute?

A

1.5litres per day

1ml per minute

41
Q

Describe the effect of hot weather on fluid output?

A

Causes increased water loss from sweat

Reduced water loss from urine (compensation)

42
Q

Describe the effect of prolonged heavy exercise on fluid output?

A

Causes increased water loss from sweat

Reduced water loss from urine (compensation)

43
Q

Why can urine production not be switched off?

A

It can be regulated but never switched off

The kidneys get rid of metabolic waste products, some of which can only be secreted in solution

44
Q

Describe sodium and chloride concentration in the ECF and ICF?

A

Sodium and chloride concentration is higher in the ECF

Lower in the ICF

45
Q

Describe potassium concentration in the ECF and ICF?

A

Potassium concentration is higher in the ICF

Lower in the ECF

46
Q

Describe bicarbonate concentration in the ECF and ICF?

A

Bicarbonate concentration is higher in the ECF

Lower in the ICF

47
Q

What is the osmotic concentration of the ECF?

The ICF?

A

Both have the same osmotic concentration of 300mosmol/l

48
Q

Describe why the regulation of fluid balance and electrolyte balance are intertwined?

A

A small change in the solute concentration leads to immediate changes in water distribution and fluid shift - osmotic gradient between ECF and ICF

49
Q

Describe what happens to the volumes of the ECF and ICF if the osmotic concentration of the ECF increases?

A
  • ECF osmotic concentration increases
  • ECF becomes hypertonic
  • Cells are now exposed to hypertonic
  • Cells lose volume (Decrease in ICF)
  • Water moves into ECF
  • Increased in ECF, decrease in ICF
50
Q

Describe what happens to the volumes of the ECF and ICF if the osmotic concentration of the ECF decreases?

A
  • ECF osmotic concentration decreases-
  • ECF becomes hypotonic
  • Cells are exposed to hypotonic
  • Water moves into the cells
  • Decreased ECF, increased ICF
51
Q

Describe the effect of gain or loss of water on fluid homeostasis?

A

Changes ECF osmolarity

Causes changes in ECF and ICF (fluid shift to correct)

52
Q

Describe the effect of
- Gain
- Loss
of NaCl on fluid homeostasis?

A

Na+ Gain causes increased ECF volume and decreased ICF volume
Na+ loss causes decreased ECF volume and increased ICF volume

53
Q

Describe the effect of gain or loss of isotonic fluid?

A

Doesn’t change osmolarity

Causes change in ECF volume only

54
Q

Regulation of ECF is vital for long term regulation of xxxx?

A

Regulation of ECF is vital for long term regulation of blood pressure

55
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Substances that dissociate into free ions when dissolved in a solution

56
Q

Give two reason why electrolyte balance/levels is important?

A
  • Electrolytes can directly affect water balance (by affecting osmolarity)
  • Electrolytes can have a direct affect on cell function
57
Q

Name two electrolytes that are particularly important?

Why are they important?

A

Na+ and K+
Affect osmolarity and therefore water balance
Have a direct affect on ALL cells

58
Q

90% of the osmotic concentration of the ECF results from the presence of…?

A

Sodium (Sodium Salts)

59
Q

Describe sodium input? Describe sodium output?

A 
Input = Dietary
Output = Sweating and urine excretion
60
Q

Why is regulation of Na+ important for regulating ECF volume?

A

Water follows sodium
Na+ is mainly present in ECF and is a major determinant of ECF volume
Vital to regulate sodium to regulate ECF volume

61
Q

95% of the potassium in the body is found where?

A

Intracellular

62
Q

What does potassium play a key role in?

A

Establishing membrane potential

Important in excitable cells - e.g.: Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

63
Q

Describe what happens if there is small leaks of potassium?

A

Can lead to paralysis due to muscle weakness

Can lead to cardiac arrest due cardiac arrhythmias

Renal (34 decks)

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