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Renal > 1.6: Physiology 2 > Flashcards

1.6: Physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some functions of the kidneys?

A
  • Water Balance
  • Salt Balance
  • Excretion of metabolic waste products
  • Acid/Base Balance
  • Secretion of renin and erythropoeiten
  • Conversion of Vitamin D into active form
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2
Q

How much urine is produced per day by the kidneys?

A

Approxiametly 1.5litres

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3
Q

The kidneys are trying to achieve homeostasis of body fluids. How is this done (in general)?

A

By matching input to output

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4
Q

What is the renal system made up of?

A
  • The Kidneys
  • The structures that carry urine (Ureters, bladder, urethra)
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5
Q

What vertebral level are the kidneys located at?

A

Between T12 and L3

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6
Q

Label this diagram (A–>E)?

A

A = Renal Cortex

B = Renal Medulla

C = Renal Pyramid

D = Renal Pelvis

E = Ureter

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7
Q

Describe the walls of the ureters?

Why do they have this structure?

A

They have smooth muscle within them

This allows for peristalsis to move urine along the ureters

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8
Q

How much of the cardiac output do the kidneys recieve?

A

Collectively, the kidneys recieve about 20-25% of the cardiac output

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9
Q

Roughly, what size are the kidneys?

A

Above the same size as a clenched fist (13cm)

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10
Q

Match the part of the kidney to its appearance

  • Cortex
  • Medulla

A) Granulated

B) Striated

A

The cortex is granulated

The medulla is striated

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11
Q

How many nephrons are in each kidney?

A

Roughly 1 million

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12
Q

The nephrons are the functional unit of the kidney. What is a functional unit?

A

This is the smallest unit that can carry out the role of the organ (The nephrons are able to filter blood and produce urine –> Functional unit of the kidney)

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13
Q

To produce urine, the nephrons have three functional mechanisms. What are these?

A
  • Filtration
  • Reabsorption
  • Secretion
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14
Q

Describe the blood supply to the nephrons?

A

Unique blood supply

Renal artery provides an afferent arteriole

This branches into a tuft of capillaries that form the glomerulus

The capillaries converge to form an efferent arteriole

(Renal artery –> Afferent arteriole –> Capillaries –> Efferent arteriole

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15
Q

Describe the efferent arteriole?

  • Formed from?
  • Branches into?
  • Eventually drains into?
A

Formed by convergence of the capillaries that make up the glomerulus

Branches into the peri-tubular capillaries the supply the nephron tubules

The peri-tubular capillaries eventually drain into the renal vein

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16
Q

Describe the peri-tubule capillaries?

A

These come from the EFFERENT arteriole

They closely follow the tubules of the nephron

They are invovled in re-absoprtion and secretion of solutes

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17
Q

Name all the regions of the nephron?

A

Glomerulus

Bowmans Capsule

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Loop of Henle

(Descending Limb and Ascending Limb)

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Collecting Duct

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18
Q

Describe the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

In between the afferent and efferent arterioles, the distal convoluted tubule passess over the glomerulus

This point is called the juxtaglomerular apparatus

This is involved in negative feedback and examines the contents of the tubules

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19
Q

Describe where the filtrate is modified?

Where does modification stop?

A

The tubular fluid is modified the whole way through the nephron

Once the tubular fluid has left the collecting duct, no more modification occurs.

20
Q

What are the two types of Nephron?

Which is most abundant?

A

Juxtaglomerullary Nephron (20%)

Cortical Nephron (80%)

Cortical is most abundant

21
Q

Describe the differences between two types of nephron?

A

Juxtaglomerullary has a longer loop of Henle

(It descends deeper in the medulla)

Juxtaglomerullary nephrons have a single capillary called the VASA RECTA

Cortical neprhons have the peri-tubular capillaries

22
Q

Which type of Nephron is this?

Why?

A

This is a juxtaglomerullary nephron

There is no peritubular capillaries and the loop of Henle is long

23
Q

Describe the function of the Juxtaglomerullary nephrons?

When would you see lots of them?

A

Their function is to produce a small amount of concentrate urine

You would see a large amount of these nephrons in animals that live in dry enivronments eg: Desert Rat

24
Q

Where are podocytes found?

A

These are epithelial cells found on the capillaries of the glomerulus

25
Q

Describe how podocytes are invovled in filtration?

A

They have projections (finger like)

These interdigitate with the projections of neighbouring podocytes

This produces ‘filtration slits’ that solutes must pass through to enter Bowman’s Space (lumen of Bowman’s capsule)

26
Q

Describe the initial filtration fluid?

A

This is filtered from the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule

Very similar constituents to plasma - Eg: Salts and fluids at same concentration as in plasma BUT no plasma proteins and no red blood cells

27
Q

What is the ‘molecule sieve?’

A 
This is the glomerulus
Small molecules (Eg: Na+) are able to pass through into Bowman's capsule to make up part of the intial filtrate

Large molecules (Eg: RBC) are unable to pass through into Bowman’s Capsule

28
Q

Describe the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Functions of these cells?

A

Macula Densa - Examines the salt content of the tubules

Granular Cells - Secrete renin (regulates blood flow)

29
Q

Where are the cells of the macula densa?

Where are the granular cells?

A

Both part of juxtaglomerular apparatus

Macula Densa = Distal Convoluted Tubule

Granular = Afferent Arteriole

30
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is important in regulation of XXXX to the glomerular capillaries?

A

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is important in regulation of blood flow to the glomerular capillaries

31
Q

What is urine?

A

Modified filtrate of the blood

32
Q

For the kidneys to produce urine, they must incorporate three things. What are these three things?

A
  • Filtration system
  • Blood Supply
  • Mechanisms for urine modification (Reabsorption and secretion)
33
Q

Describe the three renal processes involved in urine production?

A
  • Glomerular filtration
  • Tubule reabsorption
  • Tubule secretion
34
Q

Label this diagram (A–F)?

A

A = Afferent Arteriole

B = Efferent Arteriole

C = Glomerulus

D = Bowman’s Capsule

E = Kidney Tubule

F = Peritubular Capillary

35
Q

Why is the renal tubule described as a conveyor belt?

A

Tubular filtrate moves along it

Substances are added or removed from it as it moves from proximal to distal

36
Q

Name the processess ocurring at A, B and C?

A

A = Glomerular Filtration

B = Tubular Reabsorption

C = Tubular Secretion

37
Q

What is the equation for rate of excretion?

What are the units?

A

Rate of Excretion = Rate of filtration + Rate of secretion - Rate of absorption

Units are given per unit of time

38
Q

Filtration + Secretion = X + Y

What is X? What is Y?

A

Filtration + Secretion = Excretion + Reabsorption

39
Q

What is the equation for rate of filtration?

A

Rate of filtration for X = Concentration of X in plasma x Glomerular Filtration Rate

40
Q

If you increase the concentration of a substance, does the rate of filtration increase of decrease?

A

Increasing the concentration of a substance increases the rate of filtration

41
Q

Describe the equation for rate of excretion of a substance?

What is the rate of excretion?

A

Rate of excretion is the mass of ‘X’ secreted per unit time

Rate of Excretion = Concentration of X in the urine x urine flow rate

42
Q

What is urine flow rate normally?

A

About 1ml/minute

43
Q

If the rate of filtration is greater than the rate of excretion, what must have occured?

A

Reabsorption

44
Q

What is the equation for rate of reabsorption?

A

Rate of reasborption = Rate of filtration of X - Rate of secretion

45
Q

If the rate of filtration is less than the rate of excretion, what must have occured?

A

Secretion

46
Q

What is the equation for rate of secretion?

A

Rate of secretion = Rate of excretion - Rate of filitration

47
Q

Describe how you can work out if tubular modification is reabsoprtion or secretion?

A
  • Measure rate of filtration
  • Measure rate of excretion
  • Look at which is higher (Higher filtration then reabsorption is occuring, higher excretion then secretion is occuring)

Renal (34 decks)

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